Endmatter

Endnotes

¹ Interpellation addressed on April 23, 1909, to the Ministry, by the Constitutional Democratic Party.

² Ryech, January 24, 1909.

³ Sovremennoye Slovo, January 30, 1909.

⁴ Long letter from one of the inmates in Russkoye Bogatstvo, April, 1909, pp. 89-90.

⁵ Meeting of the Prison Committee of Ekaterinodar, April 5, 1909, reported in Ryech.

⁶ Russkiya Vedomosti, February, 1909.--As might have been foreseen, the above conditions ended in a tragedy. A Tiflis telegram to the Russian dailies says that on May 22nd, at 6.30 p.m., as several prisoners, condemned to be executed, were taken to the scaffold, the other prisoners became uproarious. "There are five killed among them," laconically adds the telegram.

⁷ See the St. Petersburg dailies for January 30, 1909.

⁸ Kievskiy Vestnik, March 12, 1909.

⁹ Novaya Russ, May 21, 1909.

¹⁰ Ryech, February 4, 1909.

¹¹ Russkiya Védomosti, February 25, 1909.

¹² Ryech, January 17, February 14, 1909.

¹³ Ibid., January 27, February 22, 25, and 26, March 7 and 13, 1909.

¹⁴ Kievskiy Vestnik, February 22 March 3, 4, 9, 12, 1909.

¹⁵ Warsaw Echo, reproduced in Ryech, February 19,1909.

¹⁶ See St. Petersburg papers for March 22nd.

¹⁷ Russkiya Véd., March 1, 22, April 8, 1909.

¹⁸ This information is taken from the daily telegrams communicated to the St. Petersburg papers during the months of March and April, 1909.

¹⁹ Ryech, April, 1909.

²⁰ Ryech, March 4, 1909.

²¹ Russ. Véd., March 4 1909 (signed article).

²² Russkoye Bogatstvo, April, 1909, pp. 90, 91.

²³ Long abstracts in Russkiya Védomosti March 11, 1909.

²⁴ Ryech and other St. Petersburg papers, April 13, 1909.

²⁵ Novoye Vremya, February, 1909.

²⁶ St. Petersburg and Moscow dailies, March 6, 1909.

²⁷ Interpellation in the Duma of April 7-20, 1909.

²⁸ Russ. Véd., March 19, 1909.

²⁹ Ryech, March 23, 1909.

³⁰ Ryech, April 7, 1909.

³¹ Since this letter appeared Lomtatidze has been deprived of his walks, his tea and sugar, &c. He is in very bad health, dying from consumption and insufficient nourishment, and he has now been placed in a tiny room with three other sick men, one of whom is ill with typhoid, one with consumption, and one in the very last stages of consumption.

³² On the method of making an interpellation and its value as evidence see p. 56.

³³ See the St. Petersburg dailies: Novyi Put, September 27, 1906, No. 35; Tovarisch, April 12, 1907, No. 240 ; January 20, 1907, No. 170; and July 31, 1907, No. 332 ; Parus, March 13, 1907, No. 26; Russkoye Slovo, February 4, 1907, No. 27.

³⁴ Tovarisch, Ryech, &c., March 1, 1907, No. 204.

³⁵ Such sticks, fabricated on purpose, had been distributed to the prison warders. M. Stolypin, during an interpellation in the Duma, did not deny the fact of such sticks and other instruments of torture being kept in a special cupboard at a Riga police-station; but he described that collection as "a museum."

³⁶ What was done to a girl, arrested at the same time, has been described by the ex-agent Bakay in his Memoirs The facts were confirmed on many sides.

³⁷ Russkoye Slovo, May 27, 1907, No. 121.

³⁸ Ryech, March 7, 1908, No. 57.

³⁹ According to a decision of the Ministry, the papers were forbidden a few months ago to publish in full the crimes for which the death sentences were pronounced, and a short time ago the Moscow Courts Martial stopped communicating even the numbers of the executions which took place. The executions are carried out in great secrecy at night, and in May last it was learned that fifteen executions had taken place at Moscow, of which no information had been supplied to the papers.

⁴⁰ Ryech, April, 1909.

⁴¹ Russkiya Védomosti, March 22, 1909.

⁴² Ryech, April, 1909.

⁴³ See with reference to this subject the interpellation made in the Duma on April 8 and 21, 1909.

⁴⁴ See page 50.

⁴⁵ Ryech, No. 85, April, 1909.

⁴⁶ Tovarisch, April 6, 1908.

⁴⁷ Novaya Russ, 1909, date missing on our cutting.

⁴⁸ Russ. Véd., April 1, 1909.

⁴⁹ Kievskiy Vestnik, December 29, 1908.

⁵⁰ This chapter has been compiled for this statement by the kindness of a friend.

⁵¹ Every quotation and every figure in this and in the following pages is taken from the official shorthand reports of the sittings of the Duma.

⁵² The Warsaw lawyers mentioned the following cases :--

On January 2, 1906, in Lublin, a boy of 17, Markovsky, was shot without any form of trial. On January 3rd, 4th, and 18th (O.S.) 16 young men-one of 15 years, two of 17, three of 18, and three of 19--were shot without judgment at Warsaw (after having been tortured).

They also pointed out that the Governor-General of Kielce had issued, on January 13-26, 1906, an order according to which every one found in possession of arms should be executed; and if children under 14 years should be found possessing arms, the death penalty should be applied to their parents. The head of the Polish provinces stopped the application of that order, because it was rendered public. But how many Governors-General acted on such principles without giving them publicity?

The memoir of the Warsaw lawyers was published in all leading dailies. Also in the work of V. Vladimiroff, "Sketch of Present Executions," Moscow, 1906 (Russian).

⁵³ Novoye Vremya, February 11, 1909.

⁵⁴ Tovarisch, No. 366, September 8, 1907.

⁵⁵ Put, No. 56, October 21, 1906.

⁵⁶ Russkoe Slovo, No. 216, October 21, 1907 ; Tovar., No. 382.

⁵⁷ Ibid., No. 7, January 9, 1908.

⁵⁸ Ryetch, No. 85, April 9, 1908.

⁵⁹ The wearing of this badge was, however, prohibited in May last by a Ministerial order.

⁶⁰ Here are a few instances in point: The President of the Volsk section of the Union of Russian Men applied to the Emperor to obtain the pardon of four townsmen--Dolgoff, Glazoff, Mironoff, and Ereméeff--condemned to hard labor for a pogrom in Volsk on October 20, 1905. He was informed that "His Imperial Majesty has deigned to write, on February 18, 1907, in his own hand, on the said petition: 'I grant pardon to the four condemned,' which decision the Prime Minister has communicated by telegram to the Governor of Saratof." On February 7, 1908, the Russian papers announced that His Majesty had pardoned seven peasants of the province of Grodno, sentenced to imprisonment for pogroms of the Jews. "The head of His Majesty's Chancery for the reception of petitions, Baron Budberg, has communicated this decree of the Monarch to the President of the Union of Russian Men, Dr. Dubrovin." Of late such pardons have become quite usual.

⁶¹ We translate verbally this mysterious statement.

⁶² In Finland, by a Finnish Court, after an appeal against the first condemnation.

⁶³ The Duma Deputy Yollos, who, like Hertzenstein, was a specialist in matters concerning the peasants and the land question, was killed at Moscow by Fedoroff. This young man afterwards expressed his repentance to the Revolutionary Socialists at Paris, and revealed to them that he had acted at the instigation of a certain Kazantseff, whom at that time he believed to be a revolutionary. Kazantseff had also incited him to murder Count Witte, and he had made an attempt to blow up Count Witte in his room by lowering infernal machines through the chimneys. The machines did not explode, and Kazantseff urged him to make another attempt, this time by throwing a bomb at the Count's motor-car on his way to the Council of State. The bomb was to be supplied by Kazantseff; but meantime Fedoroff had learned that Kazantseff was a member of the Union of Russian Men, and had told the revolutionists about his conduct. They urged Fedoroff to kill him, which he did at St. Petersburg. Having taken refuge in France, Fedoroff recently gave himself up to the French Government, and asked to be extradited to Russia on condition of being tried by a jury, as a common law murderer, for the murders of Yollos and Kazantseff. The extradition has been granted. The text the Russian demand for the extradition of Fedoroff has appeared in Paris Tribune Russe. This extraordinary official document gives all details of the attempt of the Union of Russian Men to kill Count Witte.

⁶⁴ A witness, before the Finnish Court, for the prosecution of Polovneff for the murder of Hertzenstein.

⁶⁵ Ryech, April, 1909. Russkiya Védomosti, February 20, 1909.

⁶⁶ Ryech, January and February, 1909; detailed summary in the St. Petersburg reviews, Sovremennyi Mir, March, 1909, and Russkoye Bogatstvo.

⁶⁷ About the flogging arrear expeditions in the governments of Tula and Vyatka, see the Constitutional Democrat paper, Ryech, February 14 and 18, 1909.

⁶⁸ Ryech, February 18, 1909.

⁶⁹ Novyi Put, No. 66, 1908.

⁷⁰ Ibid., No. 44, 1908.

⁷¹ Ibid., No. 66.

⁷² Tovarisch, February 27, 1907, No. 203.

⁷³ Ibid., No. 131.

⁷⁴ Ryech, March 7, 1908, No. 57.

⁷⁵ Tovarisch, No. 131.

⁷⁶ Ibid., No. 121

⁷⁷ Stolitchnaia Pochta, February 29, 1908, No., 250.