INDEX.

Accident, meaning of, in science, 131.

Action at a distance, 391. voluntary, 220.

Age, present, sceptical, 267.

Agency, latent mental, 211.

Alchemists, dreams of, 32.

Algæ, character of growth of, 321.

Animals, do they reason? 207. rational, 200.

Antecedent and consequent, 410.

A priori, meaning of the term, 373.

Aristotle, cosmological doctrine of, 4. originator of syllogism, 360.

Arrangement of leaves, spiral and whorl, 317_319.

Articulation, not caused by selection, 253.

Assimilation, phenomena of, 411.

Asteroids, do they exist in space? 21.

Atavism, 130.

Bacon, separated physical science from scholastic philosophy, 375. his distinguishing service, 375.

Belief, disputes about the nature of, a matter for lexicographers, 249. three metaphysical forms of, 343.

Biology, physical, 135.

Brain, savage, larger than is necessary, 109. size of, 111.

Categories of human understanding, 218.

Causation, law of, universality of, 9 note, 131. limits of, 71. mathematical conception of, 409-

Cause, how related to its effect, 245. result of the discovery of a, 408.

Cause, in science does not imply or suggest its effect, 408.

Cause and effect, essay on, 406.

Causes, final, how the doctrine of is supported in natural science, 35. discussion of the doctrine of, 36, 161. from the point of view of the hypothesis of natural selection, 101.

Change, unchangeable laws of, 74.

Classes, real kinds, 183.

Comets, aphelia of, when most numerous, 12. two systems of, 13.

Comte, on verification, 45. not the founder of the school of Tyndall, Huxley, Bain, and

Darwin, 383.

Concepts, 209.

Conceptualists, 209.

Consciousness, origin of, 115.

Contradiction, of infinite and absolute, 355.

Convictions, as used by Dr. McCosh, 331.

.

Cosmology, banished from scientific inquiry, 7.

Counter-movements, principle of, 9.

Cram, ability to, thought to be an element of success, 292.

Cramming, what it is, 287.

Curiosity, the cause of culture, 51.

Cycle, a group of leaves, 302. denoted by fractions, 302. leaves of, how placed, 309.

Darwin, extraordinary skill of, 97. effect of his work, 99. his Descent of Man, 138, 397. his Origin of Species, 126, 169. his Hypothesis of Pangenesis, 135.- most consummate speculative genius, 136.

Darwin, his views concerning natural selection, 138.

Darwinism, German, 398.

Democritus, why called an atheist, 176.

Derivation, 127.

Development, 127.

Devotion, uses of, 248.

Diagrams, geometrical, a language, 274.

Differences, original cause, divergences of race, 251.

Dimorphism, 186-189.

Discipline, kind of, needed in universities, 292.

Distinction, abstract or metaphysical, 363. when valuable in classifications, 370.

Divergence, angle of, how measured in plants, 302.

Education, a science of, demanded, 267. claims of university writers on the subject, 268. experiments in, valuable from their failures, 274. tests of courses proper to a general education, 272. two general features of a liberal education, 280.

Effect, how related to its cause, 245.

Ego, discussion of the, 228.

Empiricists, 45.

Equilibration, Spencer’s theory of, 80.

Euclid, good results of the study of, 270.

Evolution, according to Spencer, 401. books relating to the theory of, 394. false conception conveyed by the term, 199. origin and value of the law of, prevalence of the doctrine not entirely due to Darwinism, 128. two schools of, 398. obstacles to acceptance of the theory of, 6. reconciled with religious dogmas, 127. common misconception of, 251.

Examinations, university, their successes and failures, 271.

Examinations, abuses of, 289. should be tests of memory and invention in their various orders, 290.

Explanation, limits of, 247. two meanings of, 381.

Force, four meanings of, in dynamical science, 388. meaning of, when unqualified, 389. conservation of, 79. not a necessary law of the universe, 121. persistence of, 78.

Friction, not always a loss of force, 27.

Frond, spiral, two utilities of, 322.

Gemmules, 165. cannot be divided, 166.

Generalization, exists in animals, 226.

Geology, not a strictly positive science, 15. “illogical,” 16.

Geometry, modern, distinguished from ancient, 280.

Gesture, language of, 254.

Glands, mammary, Mivart on, 136.

Gravitation, potential of, 19; feebleness of, 86.

Gravity, universality of the law of, discovered by Newton, 73.

Gray, Prof., his theory of variation, 161.

Hamilton, Sir William, 38, 63, 240.

Heat, what becomes of it, 23. mechanical theory of, 87. the sun’s origin of, 82. two theories of, 82.

Herschel, Sir William, nebular hypothesis of, 1.

History, written on dramatic principles, 71.

Hypothesis, derivative, 8-16. development, 16. nebular, reason for its cordial reception, 2; discussion of, 3; explains facts otherwise unaccounted for, 4; lacks antecedent probability, 6; its assumption not arbitrary, 10; criticized in detail, 11; one of its successes, 13; how regarded by physicists, 83.

Hypotheses in science, value of discussion of rival, 169. mostly trial-questions, 384. have no place in experimental philosophy, 136. verification of, 45.

Hypotheses non fingo, of Newton, 48, 136.

Idealism, theory of, 232.

Idealists, views of, with regard to the natural subject, 230.

Ideas, how developed, 47. innate, 59. scientific and religious, 40.

Images as signs, 209.

Imagination, highest faculty of, involves reason, 290. various orders of, 290. trained by mental discipline, 290. pure, 211.

Induction, as used by Aristotle, 371. scientific, work of, 71.

Inquiries, ancient and modern, 48.

Intelligence, animal, 210.

Internodes, long, disadvantage in,314.

Intuition, 232, 372. Dr. McCosh on, 330.

Investigators, modern scientific, skill of, 363.

Knowledge, founded on observation, 43.

Language, artificial, 255. command of, 256. traced back by history, 264. traditions of, 289. two uses of, 255.

Laplace, theory of origin of planets, 2.

Laws, universal, not to be discovered by finite intellects, 229.

Leaf, arrangements of, 300. uses of, 315. utilities of expansion of, 321.

Lewes, George Henry, a metaphysician, 368. his Problems of Life and Mind, 360.

Light, first forms of, 164. what becomes of it, 23.

Mansel, Dr., reply to Mill, 350.

Mass, nebulous, rotatory motion of, 2.

Masson, David, aim of, 342. his three metaphysical forms of belief, 343. metaphysical motives of, 342. his Recent British philosophy, 342. scheme of, 343.

Mathematics, 273. dangers of the display of artistic skill in, 277. deficiency of, as a means of discipline, 280. remedies for the defects in examination, 284. its supposed value for developing habits of accuracy delusive, 279.

Mayer, Dr., theory of sun-heat, 82.

McCosh, Dr., follower of Bacon, 378. mistakes of, 383. on intuitions, 330. treatment of his opponents, 377. on Tyndall, 375. system of, 330-333.

Memory, discussion of, 288. in the more intelligent animals; in man, 219. of various orders, 290. over-cultivated, 289. retentiveness of, 288. lower orders of, how improved, 294.

Metaphysics, demands of, 246. methods of, 366-400. term often discarded, 361. mystical, how met by scientific inquiries, 204.

Metempirics, 366, 370.

Meteors, 26.

Method, no new discoveries in, 48. difference between ancient and modern, 40. objective and subjective, 46.

Mill, John Stuart, notice of, 414. aim of, 355. education of, 419. essays of, on liberty and subjection of women, 425. examination of Hamilton’s philosophy, 426. experience in government, 425. faith of, 417. indifferent to a reputation for originality, 414. method of, 418. compared to Locke, 427.

Mill, John Stuart, political economy of, 415-417. position of, in politics, 423. reasons for the anti-slavery views of, 424. theory of population of, 415. two points of originality of, 415.

Mind, human, not a product of natural selection, 104.

Minds, eminent, superiority of, due to power of attention, 293.

Mivart, St. George, misconceptions of, 141, 147. on the genesis of species, 129. opposes Darwin, 129.

Modification, descent with, 168.

Molecules, distinction in, 367. sizes of, 166.

Motive, objective and subjective, 49.

Motives, non-utilitarian, how useful, 282.

Mystery, uses of, 248.

Mysticism, nature of, 203. still prevails in mental philosophy, 203.

Names, designations of things, 237. what they suggest, 212. abstract, 236.

Nature, highest products of, not the results of the mere forces of inheritance, 159. knowledge of, how obtained, 47. meaning of, in science, 202.

Nebulosity, distribution of, 1. two grounds for belief in, 5.

Newton, not the discoverer of the law of gravity, but of its universality, 73.

Nominalists, 209.

Non ego, 228.

Noumena, why invented, 247.

Ontology, discussion and meaning of, 344. often discarded, 361.

Organic types, theory of, 297.

Orion, example of nebular hypothesis, 1.

Paley, 35.

Pangenesis, hypothesis of, 135. why invented, 164.

Perception, in the brain, 232. object of, 233.

Philosophers, fundamental division of, 343.

Philosophy, classed with religions and the fine arts, 52. questions of, 50. three plans of, 53. experimental, 131. natural, constitution of, 132. object of, 161.

Phyllotaxy, 300. problem of, 303.

Physiology, general, 135.

Planets, causes of mean distances of, 29. relation of, to meteoric system, 27.

Plants, cyclic character of, 327. leaves of, 296.

Platonists, 45.

Poets, 250.

Polymorphism, 186, 189.

Power, definition of, 18. manifestations of, 19.

Prevision, power of, best test of the truth of a theory, 102.

Ptolemy, aim of his research, 47.

Question, purpose of, 247.

Race, human, distinction of, 254.

Races, savage, why they remain so, 250.

Radicals, philosophical, in politics, 423.

Realism, closely allied to transcendentalism, 363.

Realists, natural, appeal to common sense, 230. not evolutionists, 231.

Reality, tests of, 184.

Repetition, two modes of, 288.

Reproduction, phenomena of, illustrations of cause and effect, 410.

Research, modern scientific, superiority of, 45.

Reversion, 130.

Saturn, rings of, 30.

Science, ancient and modern, 46. definition of, 205. every student of, a positivist, 363. experiments in, 273. modern, origin of, 50. no burdens of proof in, 170. objective value of, 281. progress of, 43. repudiates scholastic classifications, 408.

Science, utilitarian value of, 252. Segmentation, in plants, 322. Selection, natural, an economical process, 253. consistent with natural theology, 100. evolution by, 168. first example of, 149. insufficiency of, 153. limits of, 97.

Mivart’s views of, 132. most important means of modification, 171. not concerned in the first production of any form, 252. not limited to origin of species, 114. reception of, 98. what is claimed for it, 191. its value as a working hypothesis, 296. what it accounts for, 182. sexual, 157.

Self-consciousness, evolution of, 199. theory of, 251.

Sensation, seat of, 233. how determined, 234.

Signs, mental, 211.

Similarity, associations of, 291. Sophia, Aristotle’s idea of, 361. Species, how fixed, 182. genesis of, 126.

Mivart’s proofs of, 133. stability of, 143.

Speculations, cosmical, 19. motives of, 49.

Spencer, Herbert, 11. career and character of, 56. doctrine of the unknowable of, 91. “Descriptive Geometry” of, 90. evolution, theory of, 67. inductions of, 72. not a materialist, 75. not a positivist, 55. philosophy of, 43. “Principles of Biology” of, 68. “Principles of Psychology” of, 57. “Social Statics” of, 56, 67. test of truth of, 58. incompetency of, 96.

Spiral, meaning of, 316.

Sports, athletic, value of, for mental training, 278.

Studies, conflict of, 267. disciplinary, 277.

Study, importance of, often confounded with examinationvalue, 273. modes of, involve repetition, 288. motives to, 286.

Structures, adaptive, 297. genetic, 297. independent similarities of, not accounted for by theory of natural selection, 159.

Substance, conception of, 235.

Sun spots, cause of, 31.

Sun, energies of, how expended, 83.

System, solar, constitution of, 9. a natural product, 17.

Teaching, natural genius for, powerless to reproduce itself, 271.

Teleology, 70.

Theology, natural, as positive science, 33. teachings of, superstitious, 40.

Theory, physical, of the universe, 1.

Thinkers, when materialists, 407. rank of, how determined, 361.

Thought, action of, 210.

Transmutation, 127.

Truth, condition of the belief in, 3.

Tyndall, Prof., on heat of sun, 20. McCosh on, 375.

Types, theory of, adapted to theory of final causes, 299. cause of prevalence of, 299. opposition of, to scientific inquiries, 299.

Universities, failures and duties of, 267. obligations of, 283. reform required, 286.

Utility, effect of, on life of a race, 143. of bodily structures, 151, 153, 158. of knowledge, 282. Mill’s view of, 418.

Value, Todhunter’s standard of, in university studies, 271.

Values, examination, of modern studies, 272.

Variation, as a phenomenon of organization, 181. reversional, 132. unexplained facts of, 129.

Veracity, not an original moral instinct, 113.

Verification, principle of, 46. Volition, misinterpretation of, 233. an action through memory, 264. conscious phenomena of, 122.

Wallace, A. R., his Contributions to the Theory of Natural Selection, 98.

Weather, cosmical, 10.

Will, the, an absolute source of physical energy, 121.

Will, not a measurable quantity of energy, but an incident force, 119.

Words, as used by barbarians, 235.

Wright, Chauncey, biographical sketch of, vii. attainments of, xxiii. genius of, xiii. in what sense a positivist, xviii. writings of, xx.

Zeno, paradox of motion of, 385.

THE END.