Contents
Book Four
Forty Third Distinction
Question One: Whether there will be a General Resurrection of Men | Num. 1 |
I. To the Question | Num. 9 |
A. About the Possibility of the Resurrection | |
1. First Opinion | |
a. Exposition of the Opinion | Num. 10 |
b. Rejection of the Opinion | Num. 13 |
2. Second Opinion | |
a. Exposition of the Opinion | Num. 26 |
b. Rejection of the Opinion | Num. 27 |
3. Scotus’ own Opinion | Num. 30 |
B. About the Fact of the Resurrection | Num. 34 |
II. To the Initial Arguments | Num. 38 |
Question Two: Whether it can be Known by Natural Reason that there will be a General Resurrection of Men | Num. 44 |
I. To the Question | Num. 52 |
A. About the Three Propositions for Proving the Resurrection of Man | Num. 53 |
1. About the First Proposition, that ‘the Intellective Soul is the Form of Man’ | |
a. The Opinion of Others and the Weighing and Putting Together of it | Num. 55 |
α. Proof by Authorities from Philosophers | Num. 57 |
β. Proof by Natural Reasons | Num. 60 |
2. About the Second Proposition, that ‘the Intellective Soul is Incorruptible or Immortal’ | Num. 93 |
a. Proof through Authorities of Philosophers | Num. 94 |
b. Proof through Authorities of Doctors | Num. 100 |
α. The Proofs of the Philosophers are not Demonstrative | Num. 103 |
β. To the Arguments of the Doctors | Num. 123 |
3. About the Third Proposition, that ‘The Specific Form of Man will not Perpetually Remain Outside its Whole’ | Num. 125 |
B. Recapitulation of the Things Said about the Three Propositions | Num. 131 |
II. To the Initial Arguments | Num. 138 |
Question Three: Whether Nature Could be the Active Cause of Resurrection | Num. 156 |
I. To the Question | Num. 162 |
A. Whether Nature Can Universally Bring Back Some Corruptible Thing the Same in Number | |
1. First Opinion, which is That of the Philosophers | |
a. Exposition of the Opinion by Augustine | Num. 164 |
b. Rejection of the Opinion | |
α. Through Scriptural Authorities | Num. 166 |
β. By Reason | Num. 167 |
2. Second Opinion | Num. 173 |
3. Third Opinion | Num. 182 |
4. Scotus’ own Judgment about these Opinions | Num. 190 |
5. To the Arguments for the Second and Third Opinions | Num. 192 |
B. Whether it is Possible for Nature to Bring Back the Same Mixed Body | Num. 212 |
C. Whether Nature Could Reunite the Intellective Soul to the Dissolved Mixed Body so that it be the Same Man | |
1. Opinion of Others and its Refutation | Num. 215 |
II. To the Initial Arguments | Num. 221 |
Question Four: Whether the Resurrection is Natural | Num. 225 |
I. To the Question | |
A. About the Meaning of the Term ‘Natural’ | Num. 231 |
B. Objection against What has been Said and its Solution | Num. 238 |
C. Conclusion of What has been Said | Num. 243 |
II. To the Initial Arguments | Num. 246 |
Question Five: Whether the Future Resurrection will be Instantaneous | Num. 248 |
I. To the Question | Num. 256 |
A. About the Collection of the Parts of the Body | Num. 257 |
B. About the Inducing of the Form of the Body into the Matter | Num. 259 |
C. About the Union of the Soul with the Body | Num. 267 |
D. Two Small Doubts | Num. 274 |
II. To the Initial Arguments | Num. 283 |
Forty Fourth Distinction
First Part
About the Resurrection of the Whole Man in Truth of Human Nature
Single Question: Whether, in the Case of Every Man, the Whole that Belonged to the Truth of Human Nature in him will Rise Again | Num. 1 |
I. To the Question | Num. 8 |
A. About the Manner of Nutrition | |
1. First Opinion | |
a. Exposition of the Opinion | Num. 9 |
b. Rejection of the Opinion | Num. 10 |
2. Second Opinion | |
a. Exposition of the Opinion | Num. 13 |
b. Rejection of the Opinion | Num. 17 |
3. Scotus’ own Response | |
a. First Conclusion | Num. 20 |
b. Second Conclusion | Num. 22 |
c. Third Conclusion | Num. 24 |
d. Fourth Conclusion | Num. 27 |
4. To the Foundations of the Second Opinion | Num. 35 |
B. How in the Resurrection the Flesh Returns the Same | |
1. First Conclusion | Num. 42 |
2. Second Conclusion | Num. 44 |
II. To the Initial Arguments | Num. 52 |
Second Part
About the Condition of Malignant Spirits and Damned Men in Respect of Infernal Fire
Question One: Whether Infernal Fire will Torment the Malignant Spirits | Num. 61 |
I. To the Question | |
A. First Opinion and its Rejection | Num. 70 |
B. Second Opinion and its Rejection | Num. 73 |
C. Scotus’ own Response to the Question | Num. 77 |
1. About Pain Properly Speaking | Num. 79 |
2. About Sadness | Num. 83 |
a. About the Disagreeable Object or About the Infernal Fire Definitively Detaining a Spirit | Num. 85 |
b. About the Disagreeable Object or About the Infernal Fire Objectively Affecting a Spirit | Num. 95 |
c. Objections Against Both Ways | Num. 104 |
d. Response to the Objections | Num. 108 |
II. To the Initial Arguments | Num. 113 |
Question Two: Whether Damned Men will be Tormented by Infernal Fire after the Judgment | Num. 121 |
I. To the Question | |
A. About the Action, Real and Intentional, of the Infernal Fire on the Damned | Num. 125 |
B. About the Sufficiency of the Intentional Action for Causing Pain in the Damned | Num. 128 |
C. About the Sufficiency of the Intentional Effect Alone | Num. 133 |
D. About the More Probable Possibility of Admitting Real Effect | Num. 142 |
E. Objections to the Third Article | Num. 147 |
II. To the Initial Arguments | Num. 154 |
Forty Fifth Distinction
Forty Sixth Distinction
Overview of Questions | Num. 1 |
Question One: Whether in God there is Justice | Num. 3 |
I. To the Question | |
A. First Opinion about the Definition of Justice and its Distinctions | Num. 7 |
B. Scotus’ own Response | Num. 28 |
1. About the Justice that is in God | |
2. About Justice in Creatures | Num. 35 |
C. Difficulties as to the Definition of Divine Justice, and the Solution of Them | Num. 37 |
II. To the Initial Arguments | Num. 46 |
Question Two: Whether in God there is Mercy | Num. 48 |
I. To the Question | Num. 52 |
II. To the Initial Arguments | Num. 58 |
Question Three: Whether in God Justice is Distinguished from Mercy | Num. 60 |
I. To the Question | Num. 63 |
II. To the Initial Arguments | Num. 67 |
Question Four: Whether, in the Punishment of the Bad, Mercy Goes Along with Justice on the Part of God as Punisher | Num. 79 |
I. To the Question | |
A. The Common Response | |
1. Exposition of It | Num. 86 |
2. Weighing of It | Num. 90 |
B. Scotus’ own Response | Num. 94 |
1. What the Punishment of the Bad is | |
a. About the Essence of Punishment or about Sadness | Num. 95 |
b. About the Four Forms of Sadness | |
α. About the Privation of the Honorable Good, or of Grace, by Guilt | Num. 97 |
β. About the Privation of the Advantageous Good, namely Beatitude | Num. 98 |
γ. About the Double Positive Disagreeable | Num. 99 |
2. Whether the Punishment of the Bad is from God, or about the Four Penalties | |
a. About the First and Second Penalty or Punishment | Num. 101 |
b. About the Third and Fourth Penalty or Punishment | Num. 102 |
3. Whether Justice Goes Along with the Aforesaid Punishments or Penalties of the Bad | Num. 105 |
a. About God’s Justice in the First Penalty | Num. 107 |
b. About God’s Justice in the Second Penalty | |
α. Exposition | Num. 110 |
β. Two Objections and Response to the First | Num. 112 |
γ. Response to the Second | Num. 122 |
c. About God’s Justice in the Third Penalty | Num. 127 |
d. About God’s Justice in the Fourth Penalty | Num. 128 |
e. About God’s Justice in the Other Four Penalties | Num. 129 |
4. Whether Mercy Goes Along with the Punishment of the Bad | Num. 130 |
a. Opinion of Thomas Aquinas | |
α. Exposition of the Opinion | Num. 131 |
β. Refutation of the Opinion | Num. 134 |
b. Scotus’ own Opinion | Num. 139 |
II. To the Initial Arguments | Num. 145 |
Forty Seventh Distinction
Question One: Whether there is a Future Universal Judgment | Num. 1 |
I. To the Question | |
A. About the Divisions of Judgment | Num. 11 |
B. About the General Judgment | Num. 20 |
C. About the Acts of Judgment to be Passed that Precede and Complete it | Num. 26 |
D. Doubts about the Universal Judgment | |
1. First Doubt | Num. 27 |
2. Second Doubt | Num. 34 |
II. To the Initial Arguments | Num. 36 |
Question Two: Whether the World is to be Purged by Fire | Num. 40 |
I. To the Question | |
A. Needed Preliminaries | Num. 43 |
B. About the Production of Infernal Fire | Num. 46 |
C. About the Place of Infernal Fire | Num. 48 |
II. To the Initial Arguments | Num. 52 |
Forty Eighth Distinction
Question One: Whether Christ will Judge in Human Form | Num. 1 |
I. To the Question | |
A. Opinion of Thomas Aquinas | |
1. Exposition of the Opinion | Num. 8 |
2. Rejection of the Opinion in Itself | Num. 16 |
3. Rejection of the Conclusions of the Opinion | Num. 20 |
B. Scotus’ own Response to the Question | Num. 29 |
II. To the Initial Arguments | Num. 36 |
Question Two: Whether in or after the Judgment the Motion of the Heavenly Bodies will Cease | Num. 43 |
I. To the Question | Num. 53 |
A. About the Opinion of Aristotle | Num. 64 |
B. About the Opinion of the Theologians | Num. 65 |
C. Scotus’ own Response | |
1. Neither Way or Conclusion is Proved Necessarily | Num. 72 |
2. A More Probable Proof of Both Ways | Num. 75 |
3. Objections against the Second Way | Num. 80 |
4. Rejection of the Aforesaid Objections | Num. 84 |
II. To the Initial Arguments | Num. 91 |
III. To the Reasons for Aristotle’s Opinion | Num. 97 |
Forty Ninth Distinction
First Part.
About the Natural Quality of Beatitude
Question One: Whether Beatitude Consists per se in Operation | Num. 1 |
Question Two: Whether Beatitude Perfects the Essence of the Blessed more Immediately than the Power | Num. 15 |
I. To the Second Question | |
A. Opinion of Henry of Ghent | |
1. Exposition of the Opinion | |
a. About the Opinion Itself and the Manner of Positing it | Num. 20 |
b. Reasons Adduced for the Opinion | Num. 23 |
2. Rejection of the Opinion | |
a. Against the Opinion in Itself | Num. 29 |
b. Against the Reasons Adduced for the Opinion Num. 33 | |
α. About the First Reason | Num. 34 |
β. About the Second Reason | Num. 38 |
γ. About the Third Reason | Num. 43 |
δ. About the Fourth Reason | Num. 47 |
B. Scotus’ own Response | |
1. A Double Understanding of the Question is Possible Num. 51 | |
2. What View Should be Held | Num. 57 |
C. To the Initial Arguments of the Second Question | |
1. Response to the Individual Arguments | Num. 73 |
2. An Objection to these Responses and its Solution | Num. 77 |
II. To the First Question | Num. |
A. About the Thing of Beatitude | |
1. First Conclusion | Num. 80 |
2. Second Conclusion | Num. 86 |
3. Third Conclusion | Num. 95 |
B. About the Name of Beatitude | Num. 106 |
C. Response to the Question | Num. 113 |
D. To the Initial Arguments of the First Question | |
1. To the First Argument | Num. 117 |
2. To the Second Argument | Num. 120 |
3. To the Third and Fourth | Num. 122 |
4. To the Fifth | Num. 130 |
Question Three: Whether Beatitude Consists per se in Several Operations Together | Num. 138 |
I. To the Question | |
A. Opinions of Others | |
1. Opinion of Richard of Middleton | Num. 147 |
2. Opinion of Thomas Aquinas | Num. 152 |
B. Scotus’ own Response | Num. 155 |
C. To the Arguments for the Opinion of Richard | Num. 164 |
D. To the Reason for the Opinion of Thomas | Num. 169 |
II. To the Initial Arguments for Each Part | Num. 170 |
Question Four: Whether Beatitude Consists per se in an Act of Intellect or of Will | Num. 174 |
I. To the Question | Num. 182 |
A. Opinion of Thomas Aquinas | |
1. Exposition of the Opinion | Num. 183 |
2. Rejection of the Opinion | Num. 189 |
B. Scotus’ own Response to Each Part of the Question | Num. 210 |
1. Argumentation from the First Middle Term, namely from the Object, and the Weighing of it | Num. 211 |
2. Argumentation from the Second Middle Term, namely from the Habit, and the Weighing of it | Num. 225 |
3. Argumentation from the Third Middle Term, namely from the Comparison of Act with Act, and the Weighing of it | Num. 234 |
II. To the Initial Arguments | Num. 262 |
Question Five: Whether Beatitude Simply Consists in the Act of Will that is Enjoyment | Num. 267 |
I. To the Question | |
A. Two Possible Conclusions | Num. 275 |
1. About the First Conclusion | Num. 276 |
2. About the Second Conclusion | Num. 286 |
B. A Difficulty | Num. 289 |
1. First Solution | Num. 290 |
2. Another Solution | Num. 297 |
3. Conclusion | Num. 300 |
II. To the Initial Arguments | Num. 302 |
Question Six: Whether Perpetual Security of Possession Belongs to the Essence of Beatitude | Num. 307 |
I. To the Question | Num. 314 |
A. About the Perpetuity of Beatitude | |
1. About the Reality of such Perpetuity | Num. 315 |
2. Doubts about such Perpetuity | Num. 320 |
a. Three Positions or Opinions are Set Down about the First Doubt | Num. 321 |
α. Reasons for and against the First Opinion | Num. 324 |
β. Reply to the Aforesaid Reasons | Num. 332 |
γ. What is to be Said about the Second Opinion | Num. 340 |
δ. What is to be Said about the Third Opinion | Num. 344 |
ε. Scotus’ own Opinion | Num. 348 |
ζ. A Doubt and its Solution | Num. 349 |
η. To the Authorities from Augustine | Num. 353 |
θ. Further Explanation of the Aforesaid, to Make it More Evident | Num. 364 |
b. About the Second Doubt | Num. 372 |
α. Scotus’ own Response | Num. 379 |
c. About the Third Doubt | Num. 380 |
α. Rejection of Thomas’ Reasons | Num. 382 |
B. On the Secure Possession of the Blessed | Num. 392 |
1. Explication of Possession, Taken in Four Ways | Num. 397 |
II. To the Initial Arguments | Num. 402 |
[Notice from the Editors]
Second Part
About the Qualities of Body of a Blessed Man
Single Question: Whether the Body of a Blessed Man will, after the Resurrection, be Impassible | Num. 406 |
I. To the Question | Num. 412 |
A. A Doubt about the Cause of Impassibility, and its Rejection | Num. 414 |
1. Scotus’ own Explanation of the Reasons about Impassibility | Num. 420 |
a. About the First Opinion of Others | Num. 427 |
b. About the Second Opinion of Others | Num. 439 |
c. About the Third Opinion of Others | Num. 434 |
B. Scotus’ own Response | Num. 437 |
1. Objections against Scotus’ own Response | Num. 438 |
2. Confutation of the Objections | |
a. To the First Objection | Num. 441 |
b. To the Second Objection | Num. 444 |
c. To the Third Objection | Num. 446 |
3. Scotus’ own Response to Others’ Reasons | Num. 447 |
II. To the Initial Arguments | Num. 450 |