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Volume I.
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frontmatter
titlepage
an eulogium on president montesquieu, by monsieur d’alembert.
preface.
contents.
body
book I.: of laws in general.
chap. I.: of the relation of laws to different beings.
chap. II.: of the laws of nature.
chap. III.: of positive laws.
book II.: of laws directly derived from the nature of government.
chap. I.: of the nature of three different governments.
chap. II.: of the republican government, and the laws relative to democracy.
chap. III.: of the laws relative to the nature of aristocracy.
chap. IV.: of the relation of laws to the nature of monarchical government.
chap. V.: of the laws relative to the nature of a despotic government.
book III.: of the principles of the three kinds of government.
chap. I.: difference between the nature and principle of government.
chap. II.: of the principle of different governments.
chap. III.: of the principle of democracy.
chap. IV.: of the principle of aristocracy.
chap. V.: that virtue is not the principle of a monarchical government.
chap. VI.: in what manner virtue is supplied in a monarchical government.
chap. VII.: of the principle of monarchy.
chap. VIII.: that honour is not the principle of despotic government.
chap. IX.: of the principle of despotic government.
chap. X.: difference of obedience in moderate and despotic governments.
chap. XI.: reflections on the preceding chapters.
book IV.: that the laws of education ought to be relative to the principles of government.
chap. I.: of the laws of education.
chap. II.: of education in monarchies.
chap. III.: of education in a despotic government.
chap. IV.: difference between the effects of ancient and modern education.
chap. V.: of education in a republican government.
chap. VI.: of some institutions among the greeks.
chap. VII.: in what case these singular institutions may be of service.
chap. VIII.: explication of a paradox of the ancients, in respect to manners.
book V.: that the laws, given by the legislator, ought to be relative to the principle of government.
chap. I.: idea of this book.
chap. II.: what is meant by virtue in a political state.
chap. III.: what is meant by a love of the republic, in a democracy.
chap. IV.: in what manner the love of equality and frugality is inspired.
chap. V.: in what manner the laws establish equality in a democracy.
chap. VI.: in what manner the laws ought to maintain frugality in a democracy.
chap. VII.: other methods of favouring the principle of democracy.
chap. VIII.: in what manner the laws ought to be relative to the principle of government in an aristocracy.
chap. IX.: in what manner the laws are relative to their principle in monarchies.
chap. X.: of the expedition peculiar to the executive power in monarchies.
chap. XI.: of the excellence of a monarchical government.
chap. XII.: the same subject continued.
chap. XIII.: an idea of despotic power.
chap. XIV.: in what manner the laws are relative to the principles of despotic government.
chap. XV.: the same subject continued.
chap. XVI.: of the communication of power.
chap. XVII.: of presents.
chap. XVIII.: of rewards conferred by the sovereign.
chap. XIX.: new consequences of the principles of the three governments.
book VI.: consequences of the principles of different governments with respect to the simplicity of civil and criminal laws, the form of judgements, and the inflicting of punishments.
chap. I.: of the simplicity of civil laws in different governments.
chap. II.: of the simplicity of criminal laws in different governments.
chap. III.: in what governments, and in what cases, the judges ought to determine according to the express letter of the law.
chap. IV.: of the manner of passing judgement.
chap. V.: in what governments the sovereign may be judge.
chap. VI.: that, in monarchies, ministers ought not to sit as judges.
chap. VII.: of a single magistrate.
chap. VIII.: of accusation in different governments.
chap. IX.: of the severity of punishments in different governments.
chap. X.: of the ancient french laws.
chap. XI.: that, when people are virtuous, few punishments are necessary.
chap. XII.: of the power of punishments.
chap. XIII.: insufficiency of the laws of japan.
chap. XIV.: of the spirit of the roman senate.
chap. XV.: of the roman laws in respect to punishments.
chap. XVI.: of the just proportion betwixt punishments and crimes.
chap. XVII.: of the rack.
chap. XVIII.: of pecuniary and corporal punishments.
chap. XIX.: of the law of retaliation.
chap. XX.: of the punishment of fathers for the crimes of their children.
chap. XXI.: of the clemency of the prince.
book VII.: consequences of the different principles of the three governments, with respect to sumptuary laws, luxury, and the condition of women.
chap. I.: of luxury.
chap. II.: of sumptuary laws in a democracy.
chap. III.: of sumptuary laws in an aristocracy.
chap. IV.: of sumptuary laws in a monarchy.
chap. V.: in what cases sumptuary laws are useful in a monarchy.
chap. VI.: of the luxury of china.
chap. VII.: fatal consequences of luxury in china.
chap. VIII.: of public continency.
chap. IX.: of the condition or state of women in different governments.
chap. X.: of the domestic tribunal among the romans.
chap. XI.: in what manner the institutions changed at rome together with the government.
chap. XII.: of the guardianship of women among the romans.
chap. XIII.: of the punishments decreed by emperors against the incontinency of women.
chap. XIV.: sumptuary laws among the romans.
chap. XV.: of dowries and nuptial advantages in different constitutions.
chap. XVI.: an excellent custom of the samnites.
chap. XVII.: of female-administration.
book VIII.: of the corruption of the principles of the three governments.
chap. I.: general idea of this book.
chap. II.: of the corruption of the principles of democracy.
chap. III.: of the spirit of extreme equality.
chap. IV.: particular cause of the corruption of the people.
chap. V.: of the corruption of the principle of aristocracy.
chap. VI.: of the corruption of the principle of monarchy.
chap. VII.: the same subject continued.
chap. VIII.: danger of the corruption of the principle of monarchical government.
chap. IX.: how ready the nobility are to defend the throne.
chap. X.: of the corruption of the principle of despotic government.
chap. XI.: natural effects of the goodness and corruption of the principles of government.
chap. XII.: the same subject continued.
chap. XIII.: the effect of an oath among virtuous people.
chap. XIV.: how the smallest change of the constitution is attended with the ruin of its principles.
chap. XV.: sure methods of preserving the three principles.
chap. XVI.: distinctive properties of a republic.
chap. XVII.: distinctive properties of a monarchy.
chap. XVIII.: particular case of the spanish monarchy.
chap. XIX.: distinctive properties of a despotic government.
chap. XX.: consequence of the preceding chapters.
chap. XXI.: of the empire of china.
book IX.: of laws, in the relation they bear to a defensive force.
chap. I.: in what manner republics provide for their safety.
chap. II.: that a confederate government ought to be composed of states of the same nature, especially of the republican kind.
chap. III.: other requisites in a confederate republic.
chap. IV.: in what manner despotic governments provide for their security.
chap. V.: in what manner a monarchical government provides for its security.
chap. VI.: of the defensive force of states in general.
chap. VII.: a reflexion.
chap. VIII.: a particular case, in which the defensive force of a state is inferior to the offensive.
chap. IX.: of the relative force of states.
chap. X.: of the weakness of neighbouring states.
book X.: of laws, in the relation they bear to offensive force.
chap. I.: of offensive force.
chap. II.: of war.
chap. III.: of the right of conquest.
chap. IV.: some advantages of a conquered people.
chap. V.: gelon, king of syracuse.
chap. VI.: of conquests made by a republic.
chap. VII.: the same subject continued.
chap. VIII.: the same subject continued.
chap. IX.: of conquests made by a monarchy.
chap. X.: of one monarchy that subdues another.
chap. XI.: of the manners of a conquered people.
chap. XII.: of a law of cyrus.
chap. XIII.: charles XII.
chap. XIV.: alexander.
chap. XV.: new methods of preserving a conquest.
chap. XVI.: of conquests made by a despotic prince.
chap. XVII.: the same subject continued.
book XI.: of the laws which establish political liberty, with regard to the constitution.
chap. I.: a general idea.
chap. II.: different significations of the word, liberty.
chap. III.: in what liberty consists.
chap. IV.: the same subject continued.
chap. V.: of the end or view of different governments.
chap. VI.: of the constitution of england.
chap. VII.: of the monarchies we are acquainted with.
chap. VIII.: why the ancients had not a clear idea of monarchy.
chap. IX.: aristotle’s manner of thinking.
chap. X.: what other politicians thought.
chap. XI.: of the kings of the heroic times of greece.
chap. XII.: of the government of the kings of rome, and in what manner the three powers were there distributed.
chap. XIII.: general reflections on the state of rome after the expulsion of its kings.
chap. XIV.: in what manner the distribution of the three powers began to change, after the expulsion of the kings.
chap. XV.: in what manner rome, in the flourishing state of that republic, suddenly lost its liberty.
chap. XVI.: of the legislative power in the roman republic.
chap. XVII.: of the executive power in the same republic.
chap. XVIII.: of the judiciary power in the roman government.
chap. XIX.: of the government of the roman provinces.
chap. XX.: the end of this book.
book XII.: of the laws that form political liberty, as relative to the subject.
chap. I.: idea of this book.
chap. II.: of the liberty of the subject.
chap. III.: the same subject continued.
chap. IV.: that liberty is favoured by the nature and proportion of punishments.
chap. V.: of certain accusations that require particular moderation and prudence.
chap. VI.: of the crime against nature.
chap. VII.: of the crime of high-treason.
chap. VIII.: of the bad application of the name of sacrilege and high-treason.
chap. IX.: the same subject continued.
chap. X.: the same subject continued.
chap. XI.: of thoughts.
chap. XII.: of indiscreet speeches.
chap. XIII.: of writings.
chap. XIV.: breach of modesty in punishing crimes.
chap. XV.: of the infranchisement of slaves, in order to accuse their master.
chap. XVI.: of calumny, with regard to the crime of high-treason.
chap. XVII.: of the revealing of conspiracies.
chap. XVIII.: how dangerous it is, in republics, to be too severe in punishing the crime of high-treason.
chap. XIX.: in what manner the use of liberty is suspended in a republic.
chap. XX.: of laws favourable to the liberty of the subject in a republic.
chap. XXI.: of the cruelty of laws, in respect to debtors, in a republic.
chap. XXII.: of things that strike at liberty in monarchies.
chap. XXIII.: of spies in monarchies.
chap. XXIV.: of anonymous letters.
chap. XXV.: of the manner of governing in monarchies.
chap. XXVI.: that, in a monarchy, the prince ought to be of easy access.
chap. XXVII.: of the manners of a monarch.
chap. XXVIII.: of the regard which monarchs owe to their subjects.
chap. XXIX.: of the civil laws proper for mixing some portion of liberty in a despotic government.
chap. XXX.: the same subject continued.
book XIII.: of the relation which the levying of taxes and the greatness of the public revenues have to liberty.
chap. I.: of the public revenues.
chap. II.: that it is bad reasoning to say that the greatness of taxes is good in its own nature.
chap. III.: of taxes in countries where part of the people are villains or bondmen.
chap. IV.: of a republic in the like case.
chap. V.: of a monarchy in the like case.
chap. VI.: of a despotic government in the like case.
chap. VII.: of taxes in countries where villainage is not established.
chap. VIII.: in what manner the deception is preserved.
chap. IX.: of a bad kind of impost.
chap. X.: that the greatness of taxes depends on the nature of the government.
chap. XI.: of confiscations.
chap. XII.: relation between the weight of taxes and liberty.
chap. XIII.: in what government taxes are capable of increase.
chap. XIV.: that the nature of the taxes is relative to the government.
chap. XV.: abuse of liberty.
chap. XVI.: of the conquests of the mahometans.
chap. XVII.: of the augmentation of troops.
chap. XVIII.: of an exemption from taxes.
chap. XIX.: which is most suitable to the prince and to the people, the farming the revenues, or managing them by commission?
chap. XX.: of the farmers of the revenues.
book XIV.: of laws as relative to the nature of the climate.
chap. I.: general idea.
chap. II.: of the difference of men in different climates.
chap. III.: contradiction in the tempers of some southern nations.
chap. IV.: cause of the immutability of religion, manners, customs, and laws, in the eastern countries.
chap. V.: that those are bad legislators who favour the vices of the climate, and good legislators who oppose those vices.
chap. VI.: of agriculture in warm climates.
chap. VII.: of monkery.
chap. VIII.: an excellent custom of china.
chap. IX.: means of encouraging industry.
chap. X.: of the laws relative to the sobriety of the people.
chap. XI.: of the laws relative to the distempers of the climate.
chap. XII.: of the laws against suicides.
chap. XIII.: effects arising from the climate of england.
chap. XIV.: other effects of the climate.
chap. XV.: of the different confidence which the laws have in the people, according to the difference of climates.
book XV.: in what manner the laws of civil slavery are relative to the nature of the climate.
chap. I.: of civil slavery.
chap. II.: origin of the right of slavery among the roman civilians.
chap. III.: another origin of the right of slavery.
chap. IV.: another origin of the right of slavery.
chap. V.: of the slavery of the negroes.
chap. VI.: the true origin of the right of slavery.
chap. VII.: another origin of the right of slavery.
chap. VIII.: inutility of slavery among us.
chap. IX.: several kinds of slavery.
chap. X.: regulations necessary in respect to slavery.
chap. XI.: abuses of slavery.
chap. XII.: danger from the multitude of slaves.
chap. XIII.: of armed slaves.
chap. XIV.: the same subject continued.
chap. XV.: precautions to be used in moderate governments.
chap. XVI.: regulations between masters and slaves.
chap. XVII.: of infranchisements.
chap. XVIII.: of freed-men and eunuchs.
book XVI.: how the laws of domestic slavery have a relation to the nature of the climate.
chap. I.: of domestic servitude.
chap. II.: that, in the countries of the south, there is a natural inequality between the two sexes.
chap. III.: that a plurality of wives greatly depends on the means of supporting them.
chap. IV.: that the law of polygamy is an affair that depends on calculation.
chap. V.: the reason of a law of malabar.
chap. VI.: of polygamy considered in itself.
chap. VII.: of an equality of treatment in case of many wives.
chap. VIII.: of the separation of women from men.
chap. IX.: of the connexion between domestic and political government.
chap. X.: the principle on which the morals of the east are founded.
chap. XI.: of domestic slavery independently of polygamy.
chap. XII.: of natural modesty.
chap. XIII.: of jealousy.
chap. XIV.: of the eastern manner of domestic government.
chap. XV.: of divorce and repudiation.
chap. XVI.: of repudiation and divorce amongst the romans.
book XVII.: how the laws of political servitude have a relation to the nature of the climate.
chap. I.: of political servitude.
chap. II.: the difference between nations in point of courage.
chap. III.: of the climate of asia.
chap. IV.: the consequences resulting from this.
chap. V.: that, when the people in the north of asia and those of the north of europe made conquests, the effects of the conquest were not the same.
chap. VI.: a new physical cause of the slavery of asia and of the liberty of europe.
chap. VII.: of africa and america.
chap. VIII.: of the capital of the empire.
book XVIII.: of laws in the relation they bear to the nature of the soil.
chap. I.: how the nature of the soil has an influence on the laws.
chap. II.: the same subject continued.
chap. III.: what countries are best cultivated.
chap. IV.: new effects of the barrenness and fertility of countries.
chap. V.: of the inhabitants of islands.
chap. VI.: of countries raised by the industry of man.
chap. VII.: of human industry.
chap. VIII.: the general relation of laws.
chap. IX.: of the soil of america.
chap. X.: of population, in the relation it bears to the manner of procuring subsistence.
chap. XI.: of savage and barbarous nations.
chap. XII.: of the law of nations among people who do not cultivate the earth.
chap. XIII.: of the civil law of those nations who do not cultivate the earth.
chap. XIV.: of the political state of the people who do not cultivate the land.
chap. XV.: of people who know the use of money.
chap. XVI.: of civil laws among people who know not the use of money.
chap. XVII.: of political laws amongst nations who have not the use of money.
chap. XVIII.: of the power of superstition.
chap. XIX.: of the liberty of the arabs and the servitude of the tartars.
chap. XX.: of the law of nations as practised by the tartars.
chap. XXI.: the civil law of the tartars.
chap. XXII.: of a civil law of the german nations.
chap. XXIII.: of the regal ornaments among the franks.
chap. XXIV.: of the marriages of the kings of the franks.
chap. XXV.: childeric.
chap. XXVI.: of the time when the kings of the franks became of age.
chap. XXVII.: the same subject continued.
chap. XXVIII.: of adoption among the germans.
chap. XXIX.: of the sanguinary temper of the kings of the franks.
chap. XXX.: of the national assemblies of the franks.
chap. XXXI.: of the authority of the clergy under the first race.
book XIX.: of laws, in relation to the principles which form the general spirit, the morals, and customs, of a nation.
chap. I.: of the subject of this book.
chap. II.: that it is necessary people’s minds should be prepared for the reception of the best laws.
chap. III.: of tyranny.
chap. IV.: of the general spirit of mankind.
chap. V.: how far we should be attentive lest the general spirit of a nation be changed.
chap. VI.: that every thing ought not to be corrected.
chap. VII.: of the athenians and lacedæmonians.
chap. VIII.: effects of a sociable temper.
chap. IX.: of the vanity and pride of nations.
chap. X.: of the character of the spaniards and chinese.
chap. XI.: a reflection.
chap. XII.: of custom and manners in a despotic state.
chap. XIII.: of the behaviour of the chinese.
chap. XIV.: what are the natural means of changing the manners and customs of a nation.
chap. XV.: the influence of domestic government on the political.
chap. XVI.: how some legislators have confounded the principles which govern mankind.
chap. XVII.: of the peculiar quality of the chinese government.
chap. XVIII.: a consequence drawn from the preceding chapter.
chap. XIX.: how this union of religion, laws, manners, and customs, among the chinese, was effected.
chap. XX.: explication of a paradox relating to the chinese.
chap. XXI.: how the laws ought to have a relation to manners and customs.
chap. XXII.: the same subject continued.
chap. XXIII.: how the laws are founded on the manners of a people.
chap. XXIV.: the same subject continued.
chap. XXV.: the same subject continued.
chap. XXVI.: the same subject continued.
chap. XXVII.: how the laws contribute to form the manners, customs, and character, of a nation.
endmatter
endnotes
Volume II.
Volume III.
Volume IV.
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