Contents
Book Four
Prologue | Num.1 |
First Distinction
Overview of the Parts of the Distinction | Num. 1 |
First Part: On the Action of the Creature in Respect of the Term of Creation
Single Question: Whether a Creature can have any Action with respect to the Term of Creation | Num. 2 |
I. Opinion of the Theologians, who Hold to the Negative Side of the | |
Question | Num. 15 |
A. The Four Reasons they Bring Forward | Num. 16 |
1. First Reason, which is from Thomas Aquinas | Num. 17 |
2. Second Reason | Num. 19 |
3. Third Reason | Num. 25 |
4. Fourth Reason | Num. 26 |
B. The Inefficacy of the Aforesaid Reasons | Num. 27 |
1. About the First Reason | Num. 28 |
2. About the Second Reason | Num. 50 |
3. About the Third Reason | Num. 67 |
4. About the Fourth Reason | Num. 71 |
II. Opinion of Avicenna for the Other Side of the Question | |
A. Exposition of the Opinion | Num. 72 |
B. Refutation of the Opinion | |
1. The Reason Proposed by Thomas Aquinas | Num. 76 |
2. Scotus’ own Response, Drawn from Three Propositions | Num. 81 |
a. The First Proposition | Num. 82. |
b. The Second Proposition | Num. 102 |
c. The Third Proposition | Num. 113 |
C. To the Arguments for the Opinion | Num. 116 |
III. Response to the Question | |
A. On the Sense of the Expressions ‘To Act Principally’ and ‘To Act Instrumentally’ | Num. 119 |
B. What One Must Think when ‘To Act Principally’ is taken | |
1. Nothing Other than God can, Independently of a Superior Cause, Act or Create Principally | Num. 123 |
2. Whether any Creature can Act or Create when Depending on a Superior Cause | Num. 124 |
a. The First Way of Speaking | Num. 125 |
b. The Second Way of Speaking | Num. 126 |
c. The Third Way of Speaking | Num. 128 |
d. Final Opinion | Num. 141 |
e. An Objection and its Solution | Num. 146 |
f. A Doubt and its Solution | Num. 150 |
C. What one Must Think about ‘To Act Instrumentally’ | Num. 152 |
D. About the Opinion of Peter Lombard | Num. 153 |
IV. To the Initial Arguments | Num. 159 |
Second Part: On the Proper Idea of a Sacrament and on its Institution
Question One: Whether the Idea Definitive of a Sacrament is what the Master Posits: ‘A Sacrament is the Visible Form of an Invisible Grace’ | Num. 174 |
I. To the Question | Num. 180 |
A. What there Can and Cannot be a Definition of | Num. 181 |
B. Whether there Can be a Definition of a Sacrament | Num. 188 |
1. About a Definition’s First Condition | Num. 189 |
2. About a Definition’s Second Condition | Num. 196 |
3. About a Definition’s Third Condition | Num. 200 |
4. About a Definition’s Fourth and Fifth Condition | Num. 203 |
5. Conclusion | Num. 204 |
C. What the Fitting Definition of a Sacrament is | Num. 207 |
D. Solution of the Question | Num. 210 |
II. To the Initial Arguments | Num. 212 |
Question Two: Whether for the Period of any Law Given by God Some Sacrament Needed to Have Been Instituted | Num. 217 |
I. To the Question | Num. 223 |
A. Some Sacrament Did Need to be Instituted | Num. 224 |
B. By Whom a Sacrament Needs to be Instituted | Num. 236 |
C. When or for What Period there was Need for a Sacrament to be Instituted | Num. 246 |
D. Whether Different Sacraments Needed to be Instituted | Num. 251 |
1. How Sacraments can be Distinguished | Num. 252 |
2. Response to the Issue at Hand | Num. 253 |
II. To the Initial Arguments | Num. 258 |
Third Part: On the Causality of a Sacrament as regard Conferring Grace
Question One: Whether it is Possible for a Sacrament, Perfect to any Extent whatever, to have an Active Causality with respect to Conferring Grace | Num. 262 |
Question Two: Whether it is Possible for some Supernatural Virtue to exist in a Sacrament | Num. 269 |
I. Opinion of Thomas Aquinas about Each Question | |
A. Exposition of the Opinion | |
1. As to the First Question | Num. 276 |
2. As to the Second Question | |
B. Rejection of the Opinion | |
1. As to the First Question | Num. 281 |
a. First Argument | Num. 285 |
b. Second Argument | Num. 291 |
c. Third Argument | Num. 292 |
d. Fourth Argument | Num. 294 |
2. As to the Second Question | |
II. Opinion of Henry of Ghent about the First Question | Num. 296 |
A. Statement of the Opinion | Num. 307 |
B. Rejection of the Opinion | Num. 308 |
III. Scotus’ own Opinion as to the First Question | Num. 309 |
IV. Scotus’ Opinion as to the Second Question | Num. 323 |
V. To the Initial Arguments of the First Question | Num. 326 |
VI. The Argument of the Opinion of Thomas | Num. 329 |
VII. To the Initial Arguments of the Second Question | Num. 331 |
Incidental Fourth Part: On Circumcision
Question One: Whether Grace was Conferred in Circumcision by Force of the Circumcision | Num. 335 |
I. To the Question | |
A. Circumcision Removed Original Sin | Num. 343 |
B. Whether Grace was Conferred in Circumcision | Num. 345 |
1. Whether God Can by his Absolute Power Delete Original Guilt without Infusion of Grace | |
a. The Opinion of Richard of Middleton | |
α. Exposition of the Opinion | Num. 346 |
β. Rejection of the Opinion | Num. 351 |
γ. Scotus’ own Conclusion | Num. 357 |
δ. To the Arguments for the Opinion | Num. 358 |
b. A Doubt | Num. 362 |
2. Whether God could do the Same by his Ordained Power | |
a. Opinions of Others | Num. 368 |
b. Scotus’ own Opinion | Num. 370 |
II. To the Initial Arguments | Num. 382 |
Question Two: Whether during the Time of the Law of Nature there was any Sacrament Corresponding to Circumcision | Num. 385 |
I. To the Question | Num. 389 |
II. To the Initial Arguments | Num. 393 |
Second Distinction
Division of the Text | Num. 1 | |
Question One: Whether the Sacraments of the New Law Get their Efficacy from the Passion of Christ | Num. 4 | |
I. To the Question | ||
A. First Conclusion | Num. 10 | |
B. Second Conclusion | Num. 18 | |
C. Solution of the Question | Num. 27 | |
D. First Corollary | Num. 33 | |
E. Second Corollary | Num. 36 | |
F. Third Corollary | Num. 37 | |
II. To the Initial Arguments | Num. 38 | |
Question Two: Whether Someone Baptized with the Baptism of John was Necessarily Required to be Baptized with the Baptism of Christ | Num. 43 | |
I. To the Question | Num. 50 | |
II. To the Initial Arguments | Num. 54 |
Third Distinction
Division of the Text and Overview of the Questions | Num. 1 | |
Question One: Whether the Proper Definition is what the Master Posits: ‘Baptism is a Dipping, that is, an Exterior Cleansing of the Body, done under a Prescribed Form of Words’ | Num. 7 | |
I. To the Question | ||
A. How Baptism can have a Definition | Num. 9 | |
B. Whether the Definition of Baptism is the One that the Master Posits | Num. 15 | |
C. Solution of the Question | Num. 24 | |
II. To the Initial Arguments | Num. 25 | |
Question Two: Whether this is the Precise Form of Baptism: ‘I Baptize you in the Name of the Father, and of the Son, and of the Holy Spirit’ | Num. 29 | |
I. To the Question | ||
A. Whether and How Certain Words could be the Form of Baptism | Num. 41 | |
B. About the Form of Baptism Needed on the Part of the Minister | Num. 48 | |
C. About the Form Necessary on the Part of the Sacrament | Num. 55 | |
1. About the Non-Principal Words of the Form | Num. 57 | |
2. About the Principal Words of the Form | Num. 59 | |
a. About Variation in Substance | Num. 64 | |
b. About Variation in Quantity | Num. 77 | |
c. About Variation in Quality | Num. 80 | |
d. About Variation in ‘Where’ | Num. 81 | |
II. To the Initial Arguments | Num. 82 | |
Question Three: Whether Pure Natural Water is the Only Fitting Matter of Baptism | Num. 91 | |
I. To the Question | Num. 98 | |
II. To the Initial Arguments | Num. 117 | |
Question Four: Whether the Institution of Baptism Voids Circumcision | Num. 128 | |
I. Preamble to the Question: That Baptism was Instituted in the New Law is True and Reasonable | Num. 133 | |
A. It is True | Num. 134 | |
B. It is Reasonable | Num. 139 | |
II. Solution of the Question | Num. 145 | |
A. Whether the Receiving of Baptism was Simply Necessary | Num. 146 | |
B. Whether Circumcision was Made Void by Baptism | ||
1. Opinion of Others | ||
a. Exposition of the Opinion | Num. 155 | |
b. Rejection of the Opinion | Num. 158 | |
2. Scotus’ own Opinion | ||
a. About the Times of Baptism and Circumcision, and of their Interconnections | Num. 167 | |
b. About the Ways in which Peter and Paul conducted themselves in the Presence of Convert Jews and Gentiles | Num. 177 | |
c. About the Definitive Revocation of Circumcision | Num. 193 | |
3. To the Arguments for the Opinion of Others | Num. 197 | |
III. To the Initial Arguments | Num. 199 |
Fourth Distinction
Division of the Text and Overview of the Parts and Questions | Num. 1 |
First Part
About Reception of the Sacrament and the Thing in Children Receiving Baptism
Question One: Whether Children are to be Baptized | Num. 12 |
I. To the Question | Num. 15 |
II. To the Initial Arguments | Num. 17 |
Question Two: Whether Baptized Children Receive the Effect of Baptism | Num. 19 |
I. To the Question | Num. 27 |
II. To the Initial Arguments | Num. 28 |
Question Three: Whether a Child Present in the Womb of his Mother could be Baptized | Num. 40 |
I. To the Question | |
A. Opinion of Others and Rejection of It | Num. 45 |
B. Scotus’ own Opinion | Num. 50 |
II. To the Initial Arguments | Num. 53 |
Second Part
About Reception of the Sacrament and not the Thing in Adults Receiving Baptism
Question One: Whether an Adult who Consents can Receive the Effect of Baptism | Num. 57 |
I. To the Question | Num. 62 |
A. About an Adult with the Use of Reason or without It | Num. 63 |
1. About an Adult who never Uses Reason | Num. 64 |
2. About an Adult not Now Using Reason | Num. 65 |
3. About an Adult with the Use of Reason | Num. 68 |
B. About an Adult who is not Willing | Num. 70 |
II. To the Initial Arguments | Num. 83 |
Question Two: Whether an Adult who is Feigning Receives the Effect of Baptism | Num. 87 |
I. To the Question | Num. 92 |
A. About him who Feigns on the Outside to be Willing, is Unwilling on the Inside | Num. 93 |
B. About him who Feigns on the Outside to Be Disposed, is not Disposed on the Inside | Num. 95 |
1. A Person so Feigning does not in Baptism Receive Grace but through Penance | Num. 96 |
2. Objections to the Aforesaid Solution | Num. 104 |
3. Response to the First Objection | Num. 106 |
4. Response to the Second Objection | Num. 110 |
a. Objection to this Response | Num. 112 |
b. Triple Response to the Objection | Num. 113 |
II. To the Initial Arguments | Num. 117 |
Third Part
About Reception of the Thing and not the Sacrament both in Children and in Adults Receiving Baptism
Single Question: Whether those already Justified are Bound to the Receiving of Baptism | Num. 120 |
I. To the Question | Num. 126 |
II. To the Initial Arguments | Num. 130 |
Fourth Part
About Equal or Unequal Reception of the Thing and not the Sacrament, and about Conferring Baptism in Doubtful Cases
Question One: Whether All the Baptized Receive the Effect of Baptism Equally | Num. 138 |
I. To the Question | Num. 141 |
A. Opinion of Others and its Rejection | Num. 143 |
B. Scotus’ own Opinion | Num. 146 |
1. About the Effect of Baptism Flowing Forth from the Principal Cause | Num. 147 |
2. About the Effect of Baptism Flowing Forth from the Meritorious Cause | Num. 151 |
3. About the Effect of Baptism Flowing Forth from the Receivers | Num. 155 |
II. To the Initial Argument | Num. 162 |
Question Two: What is to be Done about an Exposed Child | Num. 163 |
Question Three: Whether the Children of Jews and Infidels are to be Baptized against their Parents’ Wishes | Num. 166 |
I. Opinion of Others and Rejection of It | Num. 167 |
II. Scotus’ own Opinion | Num. 170 |
Fifth Distinction
Division of the Text and Overview of the Questions | Num. 1 |
Question One: Whether the Malice of the Minister Prevent Baptism being Conferred | Num. 8 |
I. To the Question | Num. 17 |
II. To the Initial Arguments | Num. 25 |
Question Two: Whether he who Receives Baptism Knowingly from a Bad Minister Sins Mortally | Num. 33 |
I. To the Question | Num. 38 |
A. About Reception of Baptism from a Minister in Schism from the Church | Num. 40 |
1. First Way: about the Obligation to Receive Baptism Num. 41 | |
2. Second Way: about Refusal to Receive Baptism from Such a Minister | Num. 42 |
3. The Second Way is Rejected | Num. 45 |
4. An Intermediate Opinion | Num. 48 |
B. About Receiving Baptism from a Bad Minister not in Schism from the Church | Num. 52 |
II. To the Initial Arguments | Num. 56 |
Question Three: Whether One Should Administer the Baptismal Sacrament when there is Presumption that the Baptizing Poses a Danger to the Bodily Life of him who Receives it | Num. 61 |
Sixth Distinction
First Part
About the Rank of the Minister
Single Question: Whether only a Priest can Baptize | Num. 10 |
I. To the Question | Num. 14 |
II. To the Initial Arguments | Num. 23 |
Second Part
About the Unity of Baptism
Question One: Whether the Unity of Baptism Necessarily Requires that it be Conferred by one Minister | Num. 26 |
I. To the Question | Num. 29 |
A. About Baptism Administered by Two Ministers who Together do the Whole | Num. 33 |
B. About Baptism Administered by Two Ministers who do Something Separately | Num. 43 |
C. About the Baptizing of Many Carried out by one Minister all at Once | Num. 46 |
D. About the Baptism of a Receiver whose Unicity is in Doubt Num. 52 | |
Question Two: Whether the Unity of Baptism Requires the Washing and the Speaking of the Words to be Simultaneous | Num. 62 |
I. To the Question | Num. 64 |
A. The Opinion of the Glossator | Num. 65 |
B. Rejection of the Opinion | Num. 72 |
C. Scotus’ own Opinion | Num. 77 |
II. To the Initial Arguments | Num. 80 |
Question Three: Whether the Unity of Baptism Requires the Baptizer to be Distinct in Person from the Baptized | Num. 81 |
I. To the Question | Num. 83 |
II. To the Initial Argument | Num. 88 |
Third Part
About the Intention of the Minister
Question One: Whether in the Minister who Baptizes there is Required the Due Intention to Baptize | Num. 90 |
I. To the Question | Num. 96 |
A. The Common Opinion and Assessment of It | Num. 99 |
B. Scotus’ own Opinion | Num. 102 |
1. About Intention as Regard the Act | Num. 105 |
2. About Intention as Regard the End | Num. 109 |
a. Exposition | Num. 110 |
b. Objections | Num. 113 |
c. Response to the First Objection | Num. 115 |
d. Response to the Second Objection | Num. 130 |
II. To the Initial Arguments | Num. 133 |
Question Two: What Sort of Intention is Required in the Minister who Baptizes | Num. 136 |
I. To the Question | Num. 138 |
II. To the Initial Argument | Num. 151 |
Fourth Part
About the Repetition of Baptism
Article One
About the Illicitness of Repeating Baptism
Question One: Whether Baptism can be Repeated | Num. 155 |
I. To the Question | Num. 158 |
A. Reasons of Others against the Repeatability of Baptism, and Rejection of Them | Num. 159 |
B. Scotus’ own Reason | Num. 164 |
II. To the Initial Argument | Num. 167 |
Question Two: What the Penalty is for Those who Repeat Baptism | Num. 169 |
Article Two
About the Character because of which Baptism is Posited as Unrepeatable
Overview of Questions
Question One: Whether a Character is Impressed in Baptism | Num. 187 |
I. To the Question | Num. 193 |
A. About the Meaning of this Name ‘Character’ | Num. 195 |
B. About the Impressing on the Soul of Character thus Understood | Num. 202 |
1. First Opinion: Neither by Natural Reason nor from Things Believed can it be Proved that a Character is Present in the Soul | Num. 203 |
a. First Reason | Num. 205 |
α. Objection | |
β. Response to the Objection | Num. 208 |
b. Second Reason | Num. 219 |
c. Third Reason | Num. 230 |
d. Fourth Reason | Num. 232 |
e. Fifth Reason | Num. 233 |
f. Response to the Initial Arguments for the Opposite | Num. 234 |
2. Second Opinion: That there is a Character in the Soul can be Proved by the Authority of the Church and Various Elements of Congruence | Num. 238 |
3. To the Arguments for the First Opinion | |
a. To the Argument about the Way of Positing Character | Num. 255 |
b. To the First Reason | Num. 257 |
c. To the Second Reason | Num. 258 |
d. To the Third Reason | Num. 267 |
e. To the Fourth Reason | Num. 270 |
f. To the Fifth Reason | Num. 272 |
II. To the Initial Arguments | Num. 274 |
Question Two: Whether the Character is Some Absolute Form | Num. 279 |
I. To the Question | |
A. The Opinion of Thomas Aquinas | Num. 285 |
B. Rejection of the Opinion | |
1. Against him who Holds this Opinion from his own Statements | Num. 290 |
2. Against the Reasons Brought Forward in the Opinion | |
a. To the First Reason | Num. 294 |
b. To the Second Reason | Num. 300 |
c. To the Third Reason | Num. 307 |
d. To the Fourth Reason | Num. 315 |
e. Conclusion | Num. 317 |
C. Two Doubts as to the Question | Num. 318 |
1. About the First Doubt | Num. 319 |
2. About the Second Doubt | Num. 327 |
D. Scotus’ own Opinion | Num. 333 |
E. Doubt as to Scotus’ own Opinion | Num. 335 |
1. Consideration of the Diverse Opinions or Solutions | |
a. About the First Solution | Num. 336 |
b. About Other Possible Solutions | Num. 340 |
c. About another Peculiar Possible Solution | Num. 343 |
2. Scotus’ own Solution | Num. 345 |
II. To the Initial Arguments on Both Sides | Num. 354 |
Question Three: Whether Character is in the Essence of the Soul or in Some Power of It | Num. 360 |
I. To the Question | |
A. Opinion of Thomas Aquinas | |
1. Exposition of the Opinion | Num. 362 |
2. Rejection of the Opinion | Num. 364 |
B. Scotus’ own Opinion | Num. 371 |
II. To the Initial Argument | Num. 373 |
III. To the Reason for Thomas Aquinas’ Position | Num. 374 |
Summation of the Distinctions about Baptism
On a Twofold Exhaustive Definition of Baptism | Num. 1 |
Seventh Distinction
Division of the Text | Num. 1 |
Introduction: About the Idea or Definition of Confirmation | Num. 5 |
I. Statement of the Definition | Num. 7 |
II. Explanation of the Definition | Num. 8 |
III. Objections against the Definition | Num. 14 |
IV. Response to the Objections | |
A. To the First Objection | Num. 17 |
B. To the Second Objection | Num. 20 |
C. To the Third Objection | |
1. First way of Speaking and its Rejection | Num. 21 |
2. Second way of Speaking and its Rejection | Num. 24 |
3. Third Way of Speaking and its Proof by Authorities Num. 27 | |
a. First Authority and the Weighing of It | Num. 29 |
b. Second Authority and the Weighing of It | Num. 37 |
4. Fourth Way of Speaking | Num. 44 |
V. On the Effect of Confirmation | Num. 45 |
Question One: Whether the Sacrament of Confirmation is Necessary for Salvation | Num. 47 |
I. To the Question | Num. 50 |
II. To the Initial Argument | Num. 51 |
Question Two: Whether the Sacrament of Confirmation is of more Dignity than Baptism | Num. 52 |
I. To the Question | Num. 56 |
II. To the Initial Argument | Num. 60 |
Question Three: Whether the Sacrament of Confirmation could be Repeated | Num. 61 |
I. To the Question | Num. 65 |
II. To the Initial Argument | Num. 69 |
Question Four: Whether there is any Penalty for those who Repeat the Sacrament of Confirmation | Num. 70 |