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  • Summa Contra Gentiles
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    frontmatter
       
    contents
       
    summa contra gentiles
     
    book 1
       
    titlepage
       
    translator's preface  
       
    contents  
       
    chapter 1: in what consists the office of a wise man
       
    chapter 2: the author's intention in this work  
       
    chapter 3: in what way it is possible to make known the divine truth  
       
    chapter 4: that the truth about divine things which is attainable by reason is fittingly proposed to man as an object of belief  
       
    chapter 5: that those things which cannot be investigated by reason are fittingly proposed to man as an object of faith  
       
    chapter 6: that it is not a mark of levity to assent to the things that are of faith, although they are above reason  
       
    chapter 7: that the truth of reason is not in opposition to the truth of the christian faith  
       
    chapter 8: in what relation human reason stands to the truth of faith  
       
    chapter 9: of the order and mode of procedure in this work  
       
    chapter 10: of the opinion of those who aver that it cannot be demonstrated that there is a god, since this is self-evident  
       
    chapter 11: refutation of the foregoing opinion and solution of the aforesaid arguments  
       
    chapter 12: of the opinion of those who say that the existence of god cannot be proved, and that it is held by faith alone  
       
    chapter 13: arguments in proof of god's existence  
       
    chapter 14: that in order to acquire knowledge of god it is necessary to proceed by the way of remotion  
       
    chapter 15: that god is eternal  
       
    chapter 16: that in god there is no passive potentiality  
       
    chapter 17: that in god there is no matter  
       
    chapter 18: that in god there is no composition  
       
    chapter 19: that in god there is nothing violent or beside nature  
       
    chapter 20: that god is not a body  
       
    chapter 21: that god is his own essence  
       
    chapter 22: that in god existence and essence are the same  
       
    chapter 23: that there is no accident in god  
       
    chapter 24: that the divine being cannot be specified by the addition of any substantial difference  
       
    chapter 25: that god is not in any genus  
       
    chapter 26: that god is not the formal being of all things  
       
    chapter 27: that god is not the form of a body  
       
    chapter 28: of the divine perfection  
       
    chapter 29: of the likeness of creatures  
       
    chapter 30: what terms can be predicated of god  
       
    chapter 31: that the divine perfection and the plurality of divine names are not inconsistent with the divine simplicity  
       
    chapter 32: that nothing is predicated univocally of god and other things  
       
    chapter 33: that not all terms applied to god and creatures are purely equivocal  
       
    chapter 34: that terms applied to god and creatures are employed analogically  
       
    chapter 35: that the several names predicated of god are not synonymous  
       
    chapter 36: how our intellect forms a proposition about god  
       
    chapter 37: that god is good  
       
    chapter 38: that god is goodness itself  
       
    chapter 39: that no evil can be in god  
       
    chapter 40: that god is the good of every good  
       
    chapter 41: that god is the sovereign good  
       
    chapter 42: that god is one  
       
    chapter 43: that god is infinite  
       
    chapter 44: that god is an intelligent being  
       
    chapter 45: that god's act of intelligence is his essence  
       
    chapter 46: that god understands by nothing else than his essence  
       
    chapter 47: that god understands himself perfectly  
       
    chapter 48: that god knows only himself first and per se  
       
    chapter 49: that god knows things other than himself  
       
    chapter 50: that god has proper knowledge of all things  
       
    chapters 51 and 52: reasons for inquiring how there is a multitude of things understood in the divine intellect  
       
    chapter 53: solution of the foregoing doubt  
       
    chapter 54: how the divine essence, though one and simple, is a proper likeness of all things intelligible  
       
    chapter 55: that god understands all things at the same instant  
       
    chapter 56: that god's knowledge is not a habit  
       
    chapter 57: that god's knowledge is not discursive  
       
    chapter 58: that god does not understand by composition and division  
       
    chapter 59: that god is not ignorant of the truth of enunciations  
       
    chapter 60: that god is truth  
       
    chapter 61: that god is the most pure truth  
       
    chapter 62: that the divine truth is the first and supreme truth  
       
    chapter 63: the arguments of those who would deny to god the knowledge of singulars  
       
    chapter 64: order of the things to be said about the divine knowledge  
       
    chapter 65: that god knows singulars  
       
    chapter 66: that god knows the things that are not  
       
    chapter 67: that god knows future contingent singulars  
       
    chapter 68: that god knows the movements of the will  
       
    chapter 69: that god knows infinite things  
       
    chapter 70: that god knows trivial things  
       
    chapter 71: that god knows evil things  
       
    chapter 72: that in god there is will  
       
    chapter 73: that god's will is his essence  
       
    chapter 74: that the principal object of god's will is the divine essence  
       
    chapter 75: that god in willing himself wills also other things  
       
    chapter 76: that god, by the one act of his will, wills himself and other things  
       
    chapter 77: that the multitude of things willed is not inconsistent with the divine simplicity  
       
    chapter 78: that the divine will extends to particular goods  
       
    chapter 79: that god wills even the things that are not yet  
       
    chapter 80: that god necessarily wills his being and his goodness  
       
    chapter 81: that god does not necessarily will other things than himself  
       
    chapter 82: objections against the statement that god wills not of necessity things other than himself, in that it involves impossibilities  
       
    chapter 83: that god wills something other than himself by a necessity of supposition  
       
    chapter 84: that god's will is not of things impossible in themselves  
       
    chapter 85: that the divine will does not remove contingency from things, nor impose absolute necessity on them  
       
    chapter 86: that a reason of the divine will can be assigned  
       
    chapter 87: that nothing can be the cause of the divine will  
       
    chapter 88: that in god there is free-will  
       
    chapter 89: that the passions of the appetite are not in god  
       
    chapter 90: that in god are delight and joy, nor are they incompatible with the divine perfection  
       
    chapter 91: that in god there is love  
       
    chapter 92: how virtues are to be ascribed to god  
       
    chapter 93: that in god there are the moral virtues which are about actions  
       
    chapter 94: that the contemplative virtues are in god  
       
    chapter 95: that god cannot will evil  
       
    chapter 96: that god hates nothing, nor can the hatred of anything be ascribed to him  
       
    chapter 97: that god is a living being  
       
    chapter 98: that god is his own life  
       
    chapter 99: that god's life is eternal  
       
    chapter 100: that god is happy  
       
    chapter 101: that god is his own happiness  
       
    chapter 102: that god's happiness is perfect and singular, surpassing all other happiness  
       
    footnotes
     
    book 2
       
    titlepage
       
    contents    
       
    chapter 1: connection of the foregoing with the sequel
       
    chapter 2: that the consideration of creatures is useful for building up our faith  
       
    chapter 3: that the knowledge of the nature of creatures avails for refuting errors against god  
       
    chapter 4: that the philosopher and the theologian treat of creatures in different ways  
       
    chapter 5: order of the things to be said  
       
    chapter 6: that it becomes god to be the source of being to other things  
       
    chapter 7: that in god there is active power  
       
    chapter 8: that god's power is his substance  
       
    chapter 9: that god's power is his action  
       
    chapter 10: in what way power is ascribed to god  
       
    chapter 11: that something is said of god in relation to creatures  
       
    chapter 12: that relations said of god in reference to creatures are not really in god  
       
    chapters 13 and 14: how the aforesaid relations are predicated of god  
       
    chapter 15: that god is to all things the cause of being  
       
    chapter 16: that god brought things into being out of nothing  
       
    chapter 17: that creation is neither movement nor change  
       
    chapter 18: how to solve the objections against creation  
       
    chapter 19: that in creation there is no succession  
       
    chapter 20: that no body can create  
       
    chapter 21: that it belongs to god alone to create  
       
    chapter 22: that god can do all things  
       
    chapter 23: that god does not act of natural necessity  
       
    chapter 24: that god works according to his wisdom  
       
    chapter 25: how the almighty is said to be unable to do certain things  
       
    chapter 26: that the divine intellect is not confined to certain determined effects  
       
    chapter 27: that the divine will is not confined to certain effects  
       
    chapters 28 and 29: how there is anything due in the production of things  
       
    chapter 30: how there can be absolute necessity in created things  
       
    chapter 31: that it is not necessary for creatures to have been always  
       
    chapter 32: arguments of those who wish to prove the eternity of the world from god's side of the question  
       
    chapter 33: arguments of those who would prove the eternity of the world from the point of view of creatures  
       
    chapter 34: arguments to prove the eternity of the world from the point of view of the making  
       
    chapter 35: solution of the foregoing arguments, and first of those that were taken from the standpoint of god  
       
    chapter 36: solution of the arguments produced on the part of the things made  
       
    chapter 37: solution of the arguments taken from the making of things  
       
    chapter 38: arguments by which some endeavour to prove that the world is not eternal  
       
    chapter 39: that the distinction of things is not from chance  
       
    chapter 40: that matter is not the first cause of the distinction of things  
       
    chapter 41: that the distinction of things is not on account of a contrariety of agents  
       
    chapter 42: that the first cause of the distinction of things is not the order of secondary agents  
       
    chapter 43: that the distinction among things does not result from some secondary agent introducing various forms into matter  
       
    chapter 44: that distinction among things did not result from the diversity of merits or demerits  
       
    chapter 45: what is in truth the first cause of the distinction of things  
       
    chapter 46: that for the perfection of the universe it was necessary that there should be some intellectual creatures  
       
    chapter 47: that intellectual substances are capable of willing  
       
    chapter 48: that intellectual substances are of free-will in acting  
       
    chapter 49: that the intellectual substance is not a body  
       
    chapter 50: that intellectual substances are immaterial  
       
    chapter 51: that the intellectual substance is not a material form  
       
    chapter 52: that in created intellectual substances there is a difference between being and what is  
       
    chapter 53: that in created intellectual substances there is act and potentiality  
       
    chapter 54: that composition of substance and being is not the same as composition of matter and form
       
    chapter 55: that intellectual substances are incorruptible  
       
    chapter 56: in what way it is possible for an intellectual substance to be united to the body  
       
    chapter 57: the opinion of plato concerning the union of the intellectual soul with the body  
       
    chapter 58: that the nutritive, sensitive, and intellective faculties in man are not three souls  
       
    chapter 59: that man's possible intellect is not a separate substance  
       
    chapter 60: that man derives his species not from the passive, but from the possible intellect  
       
    chapter 61: that the aforesaid opinion is contrary to that of aristotle  
       
    chapter 62: against the opinion of alexander about the possible intellect  
       
    chapter 63: that the soul is not a temperament, as galen asserted  
       
    chapter 64: that the soul is not a harmony  
       
    chapter 65: that the soul is not a body  
       
    chapter 66: against those who say that intellect and sense are the same  
       
    chapter 67: against those who say that the possible intellect is the imagination  
       
    chapter 68: how an intellectual substance can be the form of the body  
       
    chapter 69: solution of the arguments by which it was proved above that an intellectual substance cannot be united to the body as its form  
       
    chapter 70: that according to the words of aristotle we must say that the intellect is united to the body as its form  
       
    chapter 71: that the soul is united to the body immediately  
       
    chapter 72: that the whole soul is in the whole body and in each part thereof  
       
    chapter 73: that there is not one possible intellect in all men  
       
    chapter 74: of the opinion of avicenna, who asserted that intelligible forms are not preserved in the possible intellect  
       
    chapter 75: solution of the arguments which would seem to prove the unity of the possible intellect  
       
    chapter 76: that the active intellect is not a separate substance but part of the soul  
       
    chapter 77: that it is not impossible for the possible and active intellect to concur in the one substance of the soul  
       
    chapter 78: that aristotle's opinion concerning the active intellect was not that it is a separate substance, but rather that it is part of the soul  
       
    chapter 79: that the human soul is not corrupted when the body is corrupted  
       
    chapters 80 and 81: arguments to prove that the soul is corrupted when the body is corrupted  
       
    chapter 82: that the souls of dumb animals are not immortal  
       
    chapter 83: that the human soul begins to exist with the body  
       
    chapter 84: solution of the foregoing arguments  
       
    chapter 85: that the soul is not made of god's substance  
       
    chapter 86: that the human soul is not transmitted with the semen  
       
    chapter 87: that the human soul is brought into being through creation by god  
       
    chapter 88: arguments for proving that the human soul is formed from the semen  
       
    chapter 89: solution of the foregoing arguments  
       
    chapter 90: that an intellectual substance is united as a form to no other than the human body  
       
    chapter 91: that there are some intellectual substances which are not united to bodies  
       
    chapter 92: of the great number of separate substances  
       
    chapter 93: that there are not several separate substances of one species  
       
    chapter 94: that the separate substance and the soul are not of one species  
       
    chapter 95: how we are to understand genus and species in separate substances  
       
    chapter 96: that separate substances do not gather their knowledge from sensibles  
       
    chapter 97: that the intellect of a separate substance always understands actually  
       
    chapter 98: how one separate substance understands another  
       
    chapter 99: that separate substances know material things  
       
    chapter 100: that separate substances know singulars  
       
    chapter 101: whether separate substances know all things at the same time by their natural knowledge  
       
    footnotes
     
    book 3a
       
    titlepage
       
    contents  
       
    chapter 1: foreword
       
    chapter 2: that every agent acts for an end  
       
    chapter 3: that every agent acts for a good  
       
    chapter 4: that evil is unintentional in things  
       
    chapters 5 and 6: arguments that would seem to prove that evil is not beside the intention  
       
    chapter 7: that evil is not an essence  
       
    chapters 8 and 9: arguments whereby seemingly it is proved that evil is a nature or a thing  
       
    chapter 10: that the cause of evil is a good  
       
    chapter 11: that the subject of evil is a good  
       
    chapter 12: that evil does not entirely destroy good  
       
    chapter 13: that evil has a cause of some kind  
       
    chapter 14: that evil is an accidental cause  
       
    chapter 15: that there is no sovereign evil  
       
    chapter 16: that the end of everything is a good  
       
    chapter 17: that all things are directed to one end, which is god  
       
    chapter 18: how god is the end of things  
       
    chapter 19: that all things tend to be like unto god  
       
    chapter 20: how things imitate the divine goodness  
       
    chapter 21: that things have a natural tendency to be like god forasmuch as he is a cause  
       
    chapter 22: how things are directed in various ways to their respective ends  
       
    chapter 23: that the movement of the heaven is from an intellective principle  
       
    chapter 24: how even things devoid of knowledge seek the good  
       
    chapter 25: that to know god is the end of every intelligent substance  
       
    chapter 26: does happiness consist in an act of the will?  
       
    chapter 27: that human happiness does not consist in carnal pleasures  
       
    chapter 28: that happiness does not consist in honours  
       
    chapter 29: that man's happiness consists not in glory  
       
    chapter 30: that man's happiness does not consist in wealth  
       
    chapter 31: that happiness consists not in worldly power  
       
    chapter 32: that happiness consists not in goods of the body  
       
    chapter 33: that human happiness is not seated in the senses  
       
    chapter 34: that man's ultimate happiness does not consist in acts of moral virtue  
       
    chapter 35: that ultimate happiness does not consist in the act of prudence  
       
    chapter 36: that happiness does not consist in the practice of art  
       
    chapter 37: that man's ultimate happiness consists in contemplating god  
       
    chapter 38: that human happiness does not consist in the knowledge of god which is possessed generally by the majority  
       
    chapter 39: that man's happiness does not consist in the knowledge of god acquired by demonstration  
       
    chapter 40: that man's happiness does not consist in the knowledge of god by faith  
       
    chapter 41: is it possible for man, in this life, to understand separate substances by the study and inquiry of speculative sciences?  
       
    chapter 42: that in this life we are unable to know separate substances in the manner proposed by alexander  
       
    chapter 43: that we cannot understand separate substances in this life, in the manner suggested by averroes  
       
    chapter 44: that man's ultimate happiness does not consist in the knowledge of separate substances as pretended by the aforesaid opinions  
       
    chapter 45: that it is impossible in this life to understand separate substances  
       
    chapter 46: that in this life the soul does not understand itself by itself  
       
    chapter 47: that in this life we are unable to see god in his essence  
       
    chapter 48: that man's ultimate happiness is not in this life  
       
    chapter 49: that separate substances do not see god in his essence through knowing him by their own essences  
       
    chapter 50: that the natural desire of the separate substances is not set at rest in the natural knowledge they have of god  
       
    chapter 51: how god may be seen in his essence  
       
    chapter 52: that no created substance can by its natural power arrive at seeing god in his essence  
       
    chapter 53: that the created intellect needs a ray of the divine light in order to see god in his essence  
       
    chapter 54: arguments that would seem to prove that god cannot be seen in his essence; and the solution thereof  
       
    chapter 55: that the created intellect does not comprehend the divine substance  
       
    chapter 56: that no created intellect, in seeing god, sees all that can be seen in him  
       
    chapter 57: that every intellect of any degree can participate in the divine vision  
       
    chapter 58: that it is possible for one to see god more perfectly than another  
       
    chapter 59: how those who see the divine substance see all things  
       
    chapter 60: that those who see god see all in him at once  
       
    chapter 61: that by seeing god a man is made a partaker of eternal life  
       
    chapter 62: that those who see god will see him for ever  
       
    chapter 63: how in that ultimate happiness man's every desire is fulfilled  
       
    chapter 64: that god governs things by his providence  
       
    chapter 65: that god preserves things in existence  
       
    chapter 66: that nothing gives existence except in so far as it acts by god's power  
       
    chapter 67: that in all things that operate god is the cause of their operating  
       
    chapter 68: that god is everywhere  
       
    chapter 69: concerning the opinion of those who withdraw from natural things their proper actions  
       
    chapter 70: how the same effect is from god and from the natural agent  
       
    chapter 71: that divine providence does not entirely exclude evil from things  
       
    chapter 72: that divine providence does not exclude contingency from things  
       
    chapter 73: that divine providence does not exclude free will  
       
    chapter 74: that divine providence does not exclude chance or luck  
       
    chapter 75: that divine providence is concerned with singular contingencies  
       
    chapter 76: that god's providence cares for all individuals immediately  
       
    chapter 77: that the execution of divine providence is carried out by secondary causes  
       
    chapter 78: that by means of intellectual creatures other creatures are ruled by god  
       
    chapter 79: that the lower intellectual substances are ruled by the higher  
       
    chapter 80: of the order between one angel and another  
       
    chapter 81: of the ordering of men among themselves and to other things
       
    chapter 82: that the inferior bodies are ruled by god by means of the heavenly bodies  
       
    chapter 83: conclusion of the foregoing  
       
    footnotes
     
    book 3b
       
    titlepage
       
    contents  
       
    chapter 84. that the heavenly bodies do not impress on our intellect
       
    chapter 85: that the heavenly bodies are not the cause of our willing and choosing  
       
    chapter 86: that corporeal effects in this lower world do not result of necessity from the action of the heavenly bodies  
       
    chapter 87: that the movement of a heavenly body is not the cause of our choosing by virtue of its soul moving us, as some say  
       
    chapter 88: that created substances cannot be the direct causes of our acts of choosing and willing, but god alone  
       
    chapter 89: that the movement of the will, and not only the power of the will, is caused by god  
       
    chapter 90: that human choice and will are subject to divine providence  
       
    chapter 91: how human affairs may be referred to higher causes  
       
    chapter 92: how a man may be said to be fortunate, and how he is assisted by higher causes  
       
    chapter 93: is there such a thing as fate, and what is it?  
       
    chapter 94: of the certainty of divine providence  
       
    chapters 95 and 96: that the unchangeableness of divine providence does not exclude the usefulness of prayer  
       
    chapter 97: how there is a reason for divine providence  
       
    chapter 98: how it is possible, and how it is impossible, for god to do something outside the order of his providence  
       
    chapter 99: that god can work outside the order imposed on things, by producing effects without their proximate causes  
       
    chapter 100: that what god does beside the order of nature is not contrary to nature  
       
    chapter 101: of miracles  
       
    chapter 102: that god alone works miracles  
       
    chapter 103: that spiritual substances do wonders which, however, are not miracles properly speaking  
       
    chapter 104: that the works of magicians result not only from the influence of heavenly bodies  
       
    chapter 105: whence the works of magicians derive their efficacy  
       
    chapter 106: that the intellectual substance which gives efficacy to the practices of magic is not good according to virtue  
       
    chapter 107: that the intellectual substance whose assistance is employed in the magic arts is not evil in its nature  
       
    chapter 108: arguments that would seem to prove that there can be no sin in the demons  
       
    chapter 109: that sin is possible in the demons, and how  
       
    chapter 110: solution of the aforesaid arguments  
       
    chapter 111: that rational creatures are subject to divine providence in a special manner  
       
    chapter 112: that rational creatures are governed for their own sake, and other creatures, as directed to them  
       
    chapter 113: that the rational creature is directed to its action by god not only in its relation to the species, but also in its relation to the individual  
       
    chapter 114: that laws are given by god to man  
       
    chapter 115: that the divine law directs man chiefly to god  
       
    chapter 116: that the end of god's law is the love of god  
       
    chapter 117: that we are directed by the divine law to the love of our neighbour  
       
    chapter 118: that the divine law binds men to the true faith  
       
    chapter 119: that our mind is directed to god by certain sensible things  
       
    chapter 120: that the worship of latria is due to god alone  
       
    chapter 121: that the divine law directs man according to reason as regards things corporeal and sensible  
       
    chapter 122: how, according to the divine law, simple fornication is a sin: and that matrimony is natural  
       
    chapter 123: that matrimony should be indissoluble  
       
    chapter 124: that matrimony should be the union of one man with one woman  
       
    chapter 125: that marriage should not be contracted between relatives  
       
    chapter 126: that not all carnal intercourse is sinful  
       
    chapter 127: that no food is in itself sinful for one to take  
       
    chapter 128: how by the divine law man is directed to his neighbour  
       
    chapter 129: that some human acts are right by nature, and not because they are prescribed by law  
       
    chapter 130: of the counsels given in the divine law  
       
    chapter 131: concerning the error of those who condemn voluntary poverty  
       
    chapter 132: of the ways of life followed by those who embrace voluntary poverty  
       
    chapter 133: how poverty is good  
       
    chapter 134: solution of the arguments given above against poverty  
       
    chapter 135: solution of the objections urged against the various ways of life followed by those who embrace voluntary poverty  
       
    chapters 136 and 137: concerning the error of those who condemn perpetual continence  
       
    chapter 138: against those who condemn vows  
       
    chapter 139: that neither merits nor sins are equal  
       
    chapter 140: that man's actions are punished or rewarded by god  
       
    chapter 141: of the difference and order of punishments  
       
    chapter 142: that punishments and rewards are not all equal  
       
    chapter 143: of the punishment due to mortal and venial sin in relation to the last end  
       
    chapter 144: that by mortal sin man forfeits his last end for eternity  
       
    chapter 145: that sins are punished also by the sinner being subjected to some kind of pain  
       
    chapter 146: that it is lawful for judges to inflict punishments  
       
    chapter 147: that man needs the divine assistance in order to obtain beatitude  
       
    chapter 148: that the assistance of divine grace does not compel man to virtue  
       
    chapter 149: that man is unable to merit the divine assistance  
       
    chapter 150: that this same assistance is called grace; and what is meant by sanctifying grace  
       
    chapter 151: that sanctifying grace causes in us the love of god  
       
    chapter 152: that grace causes faith in us  
       
    chapter 153: that divine grace causes hope in us  
       
    chapter 154: of the gifts of gratuitous grace: wherein it is treated of the divinations of demons  
       
    chapter 155: that man needs the divine aid in order to persevere in good  
       
    chapter 156: that he who falls away from grace by sin, can recover again by means of grace  
       
    chapter 157: that man cannot be freed from sin save by grace  
       
    chapter 158: how man is freed from sin  
       
    chapter 159: that, although man cannot be converted to god without god's grace, yet it is reasonably imputed to him, if he be not converted  
       
    chapter 160: that a man who is in sin cannot avoid sin without grace  
       
    chapter 161: that god delivers some from sin, and leaves some in sin  
       
    chapter 162: that god is not the cause of any man sinning  
       
    chapter 163: of predestination, reprobation, and the divine election  
       
    footnotes
     
    book 4
       
    titlepage
       
    contents  
       
    chapter 1: foreword
       
    chapter 2: that in god there are generation, paternity, and filiation  
       
    chapter 3: that the son of god is god  
       
    chapter 4: the opinion of photinus concerning the son of god: and its refutation  
       
    chapter 5: the opinion of sabellius concerning the son of god: and its refutation  
       
    chapter 6: concerning the opinion of arius about the son of god  
       
    chapter 7: refutation of the opinion of arius  
       
    chapter 8: solution of the arguments adduced by arius in support of his view  
       
    chapter 9: explanation of the texts quoted by photinus and sabellius  
       
    chapter 10: arguments against the divine generation and procession  
       
    chapter 11: the meaning of generation in god, and of the scriptural references to the son of god  
       
    chapter 12: how the son of god is called the wisdom of god  
       
    chapter 13: that there is only one son in god  
       
    chapter 14: solution of the foregoing objections against the divine generation  
       
    chapter 15: of the holy ghost: that he is in god  
       
    chapter 16: reasons for which certain men have deemed the holy ghost to be a creature  
       
    chapter 17: that the holy ghost is true god  
       
    chapter 18: that the holy ghost is a subsistent person  
       
    chapter 19: the meaning of statements that are made about the holy ghost  
       
    chapter 20: of the effects ascribed by scripture to the holy ghost in respect of all creatures  
       
    chapter 21: of the effects ascribed to the holy ghost, as regards the gifts bestowed by god on the rational creature  
       
    chapter 22: of the effects ascribed to the holy ghost, according as he moves the creature to god  
       
    chapter 23: solution of the arguments given above, against the divinity of the holy ghost  
       
    chapter 24: that the holy ghost proceeds from the son  
       
    chapter 25: arguments of those who would prove that the holy ghost proceeds not from the son; and their solution  
       
    chapter 26: that there are no more than three persons in god, namely, the father, the son, and the holy ghost  
       
    chapter 27: of the incarnation of the word, as handed down in holy scripture  
       
    chapter 28: the error of photinus about the incarnation  
       
    chapter 29: the error of the manicheans concerning the incarnation  
       
    chapter 30: the error of valentine about the incarnation  
       
    chapter 31: the error of apollinaris concerning christ's body  
       
    chapter 32: the error of arius and apollinaris concerning christ's soul  
       
    chapter 33: the errors of apollinaris, who said that christ had not a rational soul, and of origen, who said that christ's soul was created before the world  
       
    chapter 34: the error of theodore of mopsuestia concerning the union of the word with man  
       
    chapter 35: against the error of eutyches  
       
    chapter 36: the error of macarius of antioch, who said that there was only one will in christ  
       
    chapter 37: refutation of those who maintained that christ's body and soul were not united together  
       
    chapter 38: refutation of those who hold that in the person of christ there are two hypostases or supposits  
       
    chapter 39: the teaching of the catholic church on the incarnation of christ  
       
    chapter 40: objections against faith in the incarnation  
       
    chapter 41: how we are to understand that the son of god was incarnate  
       
    chapter 42: that it was most becoming to the word of god that he should take human nature  
       
    chapter 43: that the human nature assumed by the word did not exist before it was assumed, but was assumed by the word at the moment of its conception  
       
    chapter 44: that the human nature assumed by the word was perfect in body and soul at the moment of conception  
       
    chapter 45: that it was fitting that christ should be born of a virgin  
       
    chapter 46: that christ was conceived by the holy ghost  
       
    chapter 47: that christ was not the son of the holy ghost according to the flesh  
       
    chapter 48: that we must not say that christ is a creature  
       
    chapter 49: reply to the objections given above against the incarnation  
       
    chapter 50: that original sin is transmitted by our first parent to his posterity  
       
    chapter 51: arguments against original sin  
       
    chapter 52: reply to the above arguments  
       
    chapter 53: arguments that would seem to show that it was not fitting that god should be incarnate  
       
    chapter 54: that it was fitting for god to be incarnate  
       
    chapter 55: reply to the arguments given above against the fittingness of the incarnation  
       
    chapter 56: of the necessity of the sacraments  
       
    chapter 57: of the difference between the sacraments of the old and of the new law  
       
    chapter 58: the number of the sacraments of the new law  
       
    chapter 59: baptism  
       
    chapter 60: confirmation  
       
    chapter 61: the eucharist  
       
    chapter 62: the error of unbelievers concerning the sacrament of the eucharist  
       
    chapter 63: solution of the foregoing difficulties: and first with regard to the changing of the bread into christ's body  
       
    chapter 64: solution of the difficulties as regards place  
       
    chapter 65: solution of the objections on the part of the accidents  
       
    chapter 66: solution of the objections on the part of action and passion  
       
    chapter 67: solution of the objections in regard to breaking of the host  
       
    chapter 68: explanation of the passage quoted above  
       
    chapter 69: what kind of bread and wine should be used in this sacrament  
       
    chapter 70: the sacrament of penance: and first, that it is possible for a man to sin after receiving sacramental grace  
       
    chapter 71: that a man who has sinned after receiving the grace of the sacrament can return to grace  
       
    chapter 72: the necessity of penance and of its parts  
       
    chapter 73: the sacrament of extreme unction  
       
    chapter 74: the sacrament of order  
       
    chapter 75: the different kinds of order  
       
    chapter 76: of the episcopal dignity: and that one bishop is over all  
       
    chapter 77: that the sacraments can be dispensed by wicked ministers  
       
    chapter 78: the sacrament of matrimony  
       
    chapter 79: that our bodies will rise again through christ  
       
    chapter 80: objections against the resurrection  
       
    chapter 81: solution of the foregoing objections  
       
    chapter 82: that man will rise again immortal  
       
    chapter 83: that after the resurrection there will be no use of food or venery  
       
    chapter 84: that the bodies of those who rise again will have the same nature as before  
       
    chapter 85: that the bodies of those who rise again will have a different disposition from that which they had before  
       
    chapter 86: the quality of glorified bodies  
       
    chapter 87: the place of the glorified bodies  
       
    chapter 88: the sex and age of those who will rise again  
       
    chapter 89: the quality of the bodies in the resurrection as regards the damned  
       
    chapter 90: how incorporeal substances can suffer from a material fire  
       
    chapter 91: that the soul will receive its punishment or reward, as soon as it departs from the body  
       
    chapter 92: that immediately after death the souls of the just have their will fixed unchangeably on the good  
       
    chapter 93: that the souls of the wicked after death have their will fixed unchangeably on evil  
       
    chapter 94: the unchangeableness of will of the souls in purgatory  
       
    chapter 95: the common cause of this unchangeableness in all souls after their departure from the body  
       
    chapter 96: the last judgement  
       
    chapter 97: the state of the world after the judgement  
     
    endmatter
       
    footnotes
  • Summa Theologiae
  • The Disputed Questions on Truth. Volumes 1-3
  • On the Power of God
  • On Evil
  • On Spiritual Creatures
  • Questions on the Soul
  • On the Virtues in General
  • On Charity
  • Quodlibetal Questions I and II
  • Treatise on Separate Substances
  • An Apology for the Religious Orders
  • The Religious State, the Episcopate and the Priestly Office
  • On the Uniqueness of the Intellect against the Averroists
  • On the Unity of the Intellect against the Averroists
  • Aquinas on Being and Essence
  • An Introduction to the Philosophy of Nature
  • "The Letter of Thomas Aquinas De occultis operibus naturae ad quendam militem ultramonatanum"
  • On the Eternity of the World
  • The Opusculum on Lots of St. Thomas
  • On Kingship
  • Compendium of Theology
  • Catechetical Instructions of St. Thomas
  • "On Buying and Selling on Credit"
  • Aquinas' Exposition of Aristotle's Treatise on the Heavens
  • Aquinas' Exposition of Aristotle's Treatise on Generation and Corruption
  • Commentary on Aristotle's Physics
  • Commentary on the Nicomachean Ethics
  • Commentary on Aristotle's "Politics"
  • Commentary on the Posterior Analytics of Aristotle
  • On Meteorology
  • Aristotle on Interpretation: Commentary by St. Thomas and Cajetan
  • Aristotle's De Anima with the Commentary of St. Thomas Aquinas
  • The Ordinatio of John Duns Scotus :: Ordinatio. Book 4. Distinctions 8 - 13. ::




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    • Edition Information
    • Ordinatio. Prologue.
    • Ordinatio. Book 1. Distinctions 1 and 2.
    • Ordinatio. Book 1. Distinction 3.
    • Ordinatio. Book 1. Distinctions 4 to 10.
    • Ordinatio. Book 1. Distinctions 11 to 25.
    • Ordinatio. Book 1. Distinctions 26 to 48.
    • Ordinatio. Book 2. Distinctions 1 - 3.
    • Ordinatio. Book 2. Distinctions 4 to 44.
    • Ordinatio. Book 3. Distinctions 1 - 17.
    • Ordinatio. Book 3. Distinctions 26 - 40.
    • Ordinatio. Book 4. Distinctions 1 - 7
    • Ordinatio. Book 4. Distinctions 8 - 13.
      collapse section Collapse All | Expand All  expand section
        expand section
      frontmatter
       
      book four. distinctions 8 - 13
        expand section
      eighth distinction
        expand section
      ninth distinction
        expand section
      tenth distinction
        expand section
      tenth distinction. first part: on the possibility of christ’s body existing in the eucharist
        expand section
      tenth distinction. second part: on the things that can belong to christ’s body in the eucharist
        expand section
      tenth distinction. third part: on the action that can belong to christ existing in the eucharist
        expand section
      eleventh distinction
        expand section
      eleventh distinction. first part: about conversion or transubstantiation
        expand section
      eleventh distinction. second part: about the matter suitable for transubstantiation or conversion
        expand section
      twelfth distinction
        expand section
      twelfth distinction. first part: about the being of the accidents in the eucharist
        expand section
      twelfth distinction. second part: about the action of the accidents in the eucharist
        expand section
      twelfth distinction. third part: about change in the accidents
       
      thirteenth distinction. on the efficient cause of the consecration of the eucharist
         
      division of the questions
        expand section
      question one. whether the body of christ is confected only by divine act
        expand section
      question two. whether any priest who pronounces the words of consecration with due intention and over fitting matter can confect the eucharist
        expand section
      endmatter
    • Ordinatio. Book 4. Distinctions 14 - 42.
    • Ordinatio. Book 4. Distinctions 43 - 49.

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    Ordinatio. Book 4. Distinctions 8 - 13.

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